1. Classification & The Six Kingdoms

2. It’s Alive!!!
In order to be part of a kingdom, an organism must be considered alive.
All living things have 8 basic characteristics in common.

3. 1. Organization
All living things are made of one or more units called cells.
Unicellular – only one cell.
Multicellular – two or more cells.

4. 2. Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant (yet also dynamic) internal environment in terms of pH, water, concentrations, temperature, etc.

5. 3. Reproduction
All organisms produce new organisms through reproduction.
Sexual reproduction – two cells from different parents unite to produce the new organism.
Asexual reproduction – new organism has a single parent.

6. 4. Based on a Genetic Code
Offspring inherit their traits from their parents.
These traits are passed on through DNA.

7. 5. Growth and Development
Most unicellular organism only grow, or increase in size.
Multicellular organisms grow and develop (cells continue to divide in order to mature).

8. 6. Energy Acquisition and Release
Obtaining and use of energy is called metabolism.
One view of life is that it is the struggle to acquire energy (from sunlight, inorganic chemicals, or another organism), and release it.

9. 7. Adaptation
The characteristics of populations change over time, usually in response to their environment (remember evolution?)
Charles Darwin began the recognition of the marvelous adaptations all life has that allow those organisms to exist in their environment.

10. 8. Response to their environment
Detection and response to stimuli.
Internal stimuli.
External stimuli (from environment.)

11. Interactions
Living things interact with their environment as well as each other. Organisms obtain raw materials and energy from the environment or another organism.

12. Classifying Organisms
To study the variety of life, biologists use a system to name organisms and group them in a logical way.
Biologists use taxonomy, (the classification of organisms using universally accepted names) to avoid confusion caused by regional names.

13. What were Carolus Linnaeus’s contributions?
Developed the binomial nomenclature system.
Two part scientific name.
Genus species.
Developed the seven level system of classification.
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. (Domain has since been added before kingdom).
Dreaded King Philip Came Over For Great Spaghetti.

14. Naming Organisms Genus species Again, called binomial nomenclature.
Examples:
Homo sapien – Human.
Bubo virginianus –
Great horned owl.

16. Naming Organisms Taxon Cougar’s Classification Kingdom Animalia Phylum
People generally use a common name to refer to organisms on a day-to-day basis.
Common names can vary, depending on geographic location:
A cougar a.k.a. mountain lion, a.k.a. puma, a.k.a. panther
Binomial nomenclature is a two-name system in Latin or Greek used for the scientific name
Taxon
Cougar’s Classification
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Family
Felidae
Genus
Felis
Species
concolor

17. Complete classsification

18. Binomial Common 2-word system 1 or more words written in Greek/Latin
names organisms
name varies depending
on region or language
same name no matter
what nation
helps distinguish between different organisms
different species can
Have the same common
name
written as Genus species
Ex: Ursus arctos
Ex: Grizzly Bear

19. Similar structures - scientists used to rely mainly on physical traits and anatomy to classify organisms.
Evolutionary relationships - with advances in DNA technology, organisms are now classified based on their genetic and evolutionary history or phylogeny.
Because of this, taxonomic classification is not permanent, but can be changed because of new information discovered using DNA sequencing.

20. What is a Cladogram?
It is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship between groups of organisms.
Derived characters are used in cladograms.
Derived characters are new characteristics that are evolutionary innovations.
Helps scientists understand how lineages broke away from another in the course of evolution.

22. Cladogram

23. Molecular Biology

24. Cladogram

25. Formerly the Kingdom Monera, now broken into two Kingdoms:
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Yersinia pestis (Bubonic plague)
E. Coli (

26. To be a Eubacteria... Unicellular. Prokaryotic.
Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic.
Have cell walls made of peptidoglycan
Reproduce asexually (binary fission & conjugation).
These bacteria live in the same environment as humans.
Some are anaerobic – they don’t need oxygen to live.

27. New (6th) Kingdom… Archaebacteria
This would be a second kingdom for bacteria which means “ancient bacteria”.
Unicellular.
Prokaryotic.
Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic.
Have cell walls NOT made of peptidoglycan.
Reproduce asexually (binary fission & conjugation).
Probably among the first life forms on earth.
Live in EXTREME conditions (high pressure/temperature, deep sea vents).
Most are anaerobic!

28. To be a Protist…
Mostly unicellular, some multicellular colonies (algae).
Eukaryotic.
Can be heterotrophic, autotrophic, or both.
Some have cell walls made of cellulose.
Reproduce sexually and asexually.
Live in moist environments – no protection from drying out.
Some move by cilia (tiny hairs), flagella (tail), pseudopods (fake feet).

29. Kingdom Protista Examples:
Paramecium
Amoeba
Plasmodiumhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=

30. To be a Fungus… Mostly multicellular, some unicellular (yeast).
Eukaryotic.
External heterotrophs – dissolves food outside the body.
Have cell walls made of chitin.
Reproduces sexually and asexually.
Body made of a mesh of filaments called hyphae.

31. Kingdom Fungi Examples:
Mushroom
Yeast
Truffle

32. To be a Plant… Multicellular. Eukaryotic. Autotrophic.
Reproduce sexually (flowers) and asexually (vegetative propagation).
Cell walls made of cellulose.
Specialized reproductive structures (fruit, cones) to aid in dispersal of seeds.

33. Kingdom Plantae Examples:

34. To be an Animal… Multicellular. Eukaryotic.
Internal heterotrophs – dissolves food inside the body.
Most reproduce sexually.
No cell wall.
Many specialized structures for movement or food gathering.
5 – 10 million species (99% without a backbone).

35. Kingdom Animalia Example:
Daphnia