1. What is motivation?
A need or desire that serves to energize behavior and to direct it toward a goal

2. Motivational Theories
Biological forces controlled motivation - Instincts (based on Darwin)

3. Drive Reduction Theory
Homeostasis
Hunger - Physiological need creates psychological state
Drive (hunger) is reduced –the need is satisfied

4. Arousal Theory External Incentives The goal is to increase arousal -
Too little stimulation can motivate people to seek an optimum level of arousal
Arousal Theory

5. Abraham Maslow
Humanistic Theory

6. Self-Actualize
Esteem Needs
Belongingness Needs
Safety/Security Needs
Physiological Needs

7. Abraham Maslow Additional thoughts by Exceptions: Martyrs
Did not have to satisfy a need 100%
For the average American: 85% of physiological needs are met, 70% of safety needs, 50% of belongingness and love needs, 40% of self-esteem needs, and 10% of self-actualization needs are satisfied.
Means to satisfy a need varies across cultures
Behavior is a result of multiple motivations
Addition of cognitive needs (can be inhibited by schools and/or parents)

8. Physiology of Hunger Stomach Contractions
*Increase in stomach contractions = increase in the feelings of hunger.
Glucose - Increases in the hormone insulin, decreases glucose.
*Blood Glucose
*Hunger
*Also: Stress increases cravings for carbs that increase serotonin.
Hypothalamus (lateral = side & ventromedial = lower middle) - This is where stomach pangs and glucose levels are sent. Lateral stimulation sends hunger messages, ventromedial stimulation depresses hunger.
Set Point - weight thermostat

9. Motivation-Hunger WASHBURN STUDY:
Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger
Time in minutes
Subject swallows
balloon, which
measures stomach
contraction
Subject presses
key each time
when hungry
Stomach contractions
Hunger pangs
Remove stomach, remove hunger? NO!

10. Motivation-Hunger Glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood
provides the major source of energy for body tissues
when its level is low, we feel hunger

11. Motivation-Hunger Set Point Metabolic Rate
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set
when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
set point can be changed with slow changes in body weight
Metabolic Rate
body’s base rate of energy expenditure

12. Motivation-Hunger
The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions
Lateral: brings on hunger
Ventromedial: Depresses hunger

13. External eater? Are you an
The presence of food can increase insulin which decreases glucose which is monitored by the hypothalamus to send a hunger response.
Do you eat because your hypothalamus told you to or because you can’t resist the presence of chocolate?

14. Universal Preferences; sweet and salty

15. Eating Disorders More evident in weight conscious cultures.
Anorexia Nervosa
when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
usually an adolescent female
Bulimia Nervosa
disorder characterized by private “binge-purge” episodes of overeating, usually of highly caloric foods, followed by vomiting or laxative use

16. Anorexia Nervosa
when a person is less than 85% of their normal body weight
95% of sufferers are female
most are between the ages of 18-30
30% of persons diagnosed with anorexia nervosa die
families are often competitive, high-achieving and protective

17. Bulimia Commonly depressed or anxious
Easy to hide because weight fluctuations are within normal range
Families of bulimia patients have higher rates of alcoholism, obesity, and depression

18. Body Image Survey
89% of women want to lose weight; 22% of men say they want to gain weight.
Some women are choosing not to have children because of the negative body image.
Sexual abuse contributes to body dissatisfaction.
Teasing during childhood or adolescence can have a lasting negative impact for decades.

19. Positive attitudes don’t mean a healthy lifestyle.
Extreme Erotophobia
Extreme Erotophilia
Dislike talking about sex
Masturbate less
Engage in less-frequent breast cancer self-examinations
Fewer gynecological check-ups
Less likely to take steps for effective contraception
Sex not discussed in their families
Grades in Human Sexuality courses are lower than Erotophilias
Enjoy pornographic movies
Find group sex entertaining
Long-term sexual relationships with more than one partner are acceptable
Approve of pre-marital sex
Love doesn’t have to link with sex
More premarital sex partners than erotophobes
Positive Attitudes?
Negative Attitudes?
Sexual Education?
Positive attitudes don’t mean a healthy lifestyle.
What attitudes are healthy? (psychologically, socially, physically, morally)

20. Assessing Sexual Practices: Interviews & Surveys
Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction
Sexual Literacy: Did you know…?
76% of respondents did not know average age of first intercourse, which is 18.
50% did not know that oil-based lubricants should not be used with condoms or diaphragms (some cause holes within 60 seconds).
49% did know a woman can get pregnant during her menstrual period.
50% thought a person could get AIDS by having rectal intercourse, even if neither partner is infected with the virus.

21. Human sexual response cycle
Excitement - genitals engorged with blood
Plateau - breathing, pulse, blood pressure increase
Orgasm - muscle contractions, further increases in breathing
Without orgasm
Males
Females
Resolution phase

22. Hormones and Psychological Effects on Sexual Motivation
Estrogen-sexual desire in females only slightly increases at ovulation.
Sexual desire in females also responsive to testosterone levels
Males testosterone levels can increase just being with a female.
Pubertal surge in sex hormones.
Later in life, hormones drop off and intercourse and fantasies decline.
Sex is not a need.
Externals: Women aroused by explicit pictures as men.
Pleasing or Disturbing?
Imagined Stimuli-Dreams bring about sexual orgasm (more commen in men-”wet dreams.”
Memories of past sexual experiences.

23. Sexual Disorders
Premature ejaculation
Impotence
Orgasmic disorder

24. Males Females Read romance over pornography
Accepting of casual sex
Initiate sex
Masturbate more often
View pornography more often
Think about sex more often
One-night stands more common. Will even be willing to go to bed with a stranger
Read romance over pornography
Need more time before 1st sexual encounter
Study: No woman agreed to have sex with a stranger

25. Males: Higher on permissiveness and instrumentality scales.
Females: Oriented to love/sexuality patterns that is practical but idealistic with high, intense emotions.

26. Homosexuality: Nature or Nurture? Not a result of:
Recognize around 20 years old
Ostracized, jokes, doubt, guilt.
3-4% of population
Exposure to hormones (typically exp. by female fetuses) during pregnancy - 2nd-5th month
Homosexuality:
Nature or Nurture?
Not a result of:
parenting
hatred of other gender
hormones (currently in blood)
molestation
Genetics: Yes, according to Twin Studies
Biological differences in the hypothalamus

27. Sex and human values Should sex-education be value-free?
Should some sexual acts be labeled as perversions?
Does formal sex education lead to an increase in premarital sex?
Should 3rd graders read “Johnny and his 2 mothers?”

28. Achievement Motivation: A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastering skills or ideas, for control, and for rapidly attaining a high standard.
Who do you know that has high achievement motivation? IQ
= Achievement ? NO
If not, where does achievement motivation come from?

29. Sources of Achievement Motivation
From parents who stress independence
From parents who praise/reward for success
Children learn that achievement = positive emotions & competence
Birth Order (1st borns = higher achievers, Later borns = more freewheeling & creative)

30. Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective.
A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.
Why are you in AP Psych?
Interesting
Curiosity
Competent
Why are you in AP Psych?
Parents
Need the credit
Save money in college

32. A+ MOTIVATING OTHERS Accomplishment
Which motive is highest in the U.S.?
I did it!
Present a
Challenge
Lesson Plan: by AP Psych Students
Goal: To pass the AP Psych Exam
How will you do it? Students Decide
Goal
Student
of the
Week
Recognition
Affiliation

33. Task Leadership
Social Leadership
Standards
Goals
Organization
Focused
Gives Good Orders
Mediate Conflict
Team Spirit
Delegate Authority
Participation of Team
Morale Builder
Vision
Charisma
Communication

34. McGregor’s Theory X & Y Theory Y Theory X
Managers are more optimistic about workers’ capabilities
Managers believe people enjoy work, willingly accept responsibility, exercise self-control, have the capacity to innovate, and work is as natural as play
Theory X
Managers are pessimistic about workers’ capabilities
Managers believe people dislike work, seek to avoid responsibility, and are not ambitious
Employees must be closely supervised