1. L'opzione eRHIC - EIC@Brookhaven
S. Dalla Torre
INFN- TS
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

2. Thank you for the invitation!
fundamental COMPASS contribution to one of the central fields of EIC physics
interest of the COMPASS Trieste group in EIC, with concrete actions in the last year
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

3. THIS TALK: L'opzione eRHIC - EIC@Brookhaven
According to the organizers’ request, more focus on
activities/proposals from BNL community
more related to eRHIC
even if a full disentangle is not possible because the US community works in a synergic way:
the coherent action of the US community is a must for the project
approval & for the construction of the accelerator complex,
which requires the specific competence of both laboratories
Trieste COMPASS group is not an “eRHIC supporter”(nor a JLEIC fan); our true interests are:
seeing the EIC project flying w/o scarifying on the physics programme
contributing in building up a relevant and committed INFN community for the experimental activity at EIC
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

4. BNL context

5. BNL context RHIC eRHIC >70% when weighted with L time
W. Fischer, CONF XII, Sep 2016
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

6. BNL context, cont. Mastering high-energy polarized p accelerators:
The coherent electron cooling is already needed for RHIC operation at the beginning of the 20’
Mastering high-energy polarized p accelerators:
Polarized Source and pre-acceleration
Spin rotators, spin flipper, Siberian snakes
Polarimeter system:
pC for fast measurements
pp for absolute calibration
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

7. BNL context: running experiments
STAR physics:
QGP
(polarized) nucleon structure
photon/pomeron interactions
STAR main detectors
SVD (strip, drift)
TPC (dE/dx~7%; dp/p~2%)
forward TPC
RICH (prox. foc. + CsI MWPC)
Solenoid
TOF
e.m. calorimeter
(barrel, end-caps)
ZDC
STAR
Solenoidal
Tracker at RHIC
PHENIX - Pioneering High Energy Nuclear Interaction eXperiment
PHENIX main
detectors:
2 ZDC
2 beam-beam counters (timing and triggering; quartz+PMTs)
vertex detector (barrel: strips; end-caps: pads)
e.m. calorimeter (PbSc:timing; PbGl: en. res.)
Gaseous trackers (pad ch.s: 3D inf.; drift ch.s: precision; TEC: also PID)
TOF (scintillators, 2PMT r-o, 85 ps resolution)
RICH (p/e discrimination, gaseous, focalization, PMTs)
HBD (Cherenkov, GEMs, upgrade >2008)
Muon detectors (Iarocci tubes)
PHENIX physics:
QGP
Prompt photons
p spin structure
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

8. BNL context: PHENIX upgrade for running in the 20’s
PHENIX  sPHENIX
sPHENIX, detector:
1.5 T superconductor solenoid (ex Babar)
additional trackers outside the VTX (5 strip layers added to the 2 existing pixel layers )
barrel e.m.cal.: tungsten-scint. (SiPMs) + preshower (prompt g vs p0)
barrel h cal.: iron-scintillator (SiPMs) (also solenoid return flux)
forward h cal.
sPHENIX is designed also to serve as the foundation (solenoid + calorimetry) for a future EIC detector, referred to as ePHENIX: LOI, 2013
sPHENIX physics:
Mainly designed for AA, QGP via detailed jet, b- jet tagging, prompt g, charged h’s studies
sPHENIX, An Upgrade Proposal from the PHENIX Collaboration
November 19, 2014
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

9. BNL context: STAR continuous upgrade program
STAR upgrades:
Completed by 2014
Heavy Flavor Tracker (HFT): MAPS, conventional pads, conventional strips
Muon Telescope Detector (MTD): MRPC in avalanche mode, also for triggering
a preshower (2015) and postsower(2017)upgrade: Scintillator with Si readout
For
TPC Inner section (iTPC): pad r-o and new wires in MWPCs
Event Plane and centrality Detector (EPD): scintillating tiles in radial geometry, also for triggering
End-cap TOF for low momenta PID
For
Forward electromagnetic and hadron Calorimetric System (FCS):
Forward Tracking System (FTS): Si alone or combined with TGCs a la ATLAS
STAR upgrades
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

10. EIC DETECTOR REQUIREMENTS

11. DETECTOR REQUIREMENTS
namely, in term of detectors:
high resolution inner tracking, low mass
EMC with preshower
barrel and forward RICHes
complemented by TOF, dE/dx
complete acceptance design
high resolution inner tracking
Vertex & TPC
very forward detectors (Roman pots)
Wide acceptance ZDC
A. Kiselev, EICUG meeting, July 2016
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

12. DETECTOR REQUIREMENTS
namely, in term of detectors:
high resoultion inner tracking
EMC with preshower (+ TRD)
barrel and forward RICHes
complemented by TOF, dE/dx
complete acceptance design
high resolution inner tracking
TPC
very forward detectors (Roman
pots)
Wide acceptance ZDC
a wide range of CM energies, h beam species and
and all this spanning
scattering species (DIS, SIDIS, Exclusive)
A. Kiselev, EICUG meeting, July 2016
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

13. DETECTOR REQUIREMENTS, cont.
x – Q2 plane vs CM energy
Cuts: Q2>1 GeV, 0.01<y<0.95, z>0.1
Rapidity and momentum evolution
vs CM energy shown by p kinematics
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

14. DETECTOR REQUIREMENTS, cont.
p scattering angle in DVCS events
vs CM energy
e momentum vs
CM energy in rapidity bins
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

15. DETECTOR REQUIREMENTS, cont.
Rapidity Coverage:
tracking: -4 < h < 4
calorimetry: -5 < h < 5
p,K,p identification: -3 < h < 3
PID Requirements:
lepton / hadron separation strongly rapidity dependent
1:1 at h < :1 to 103:1 at -4<h< :1 at -1<h <1
p,K,p Identification:
p/(K,p) ratio ~  need high K efficiency and purity  positive ID
K/p ratio ~1
momentum-coverage:
-5 < h < 2: 0.1 GeV < p < 10 GeV
2 < h < 5: 0.1 GeV < p < 100 GeV
Momentum / Energy resolution:
RICH in f/b rapidity: dp/p < 1% p < 10 GeV 1<|h|<3
From combined Calorimeter and Momentum resolution:
in x-Q2 bins > 60% for 0.01<y<0.95
SUMMARIZING BY SOME FIGURES
E.C. Aschenhauer, EIC meeting, Glasgow 2016
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

16. DETECTOR REQUIREMENTS
Polarized electron-ion collider: Measure L, Pe, Ph
L reference: HERA
ep→epg (Bethe-Heitler)
unpolarized: uncert. ~0.2% (th), 1-2% (exp.= acceptance)
double pol. , uncert. : theoretical TBD, experimental from P measurements
Pe reference: HERA
Compton backward scattering
Ptrans, Plong separately measured
uncer. ~ 2%; aiming at 1%
Ph reference: RHIC
absolute meas. (each filling) : A_N in el. pp 5% stat % syst.
fast meas. (each bunch): AN in pC tot uncert.: 3.4%
similar scheme for polarized 3He
Other auxiliary detectors (not sitting in the central detector area)
Roman Pots
ZDC
Low Q2-tagger
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

17. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES

18. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES: central detector layout
BeAST – designed from scratch
ePHENIX – evolution of sPHENIX
[ Detector design for JLEIC ]
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

19. HOW MANY DETECTORS ?
Both collider concepts can host more than one detector,
in case also with complementary characteristics:
for instance,
\ full acceptance vs high rate capabilities
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

20. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES: a summary table of the current base-line options
for comparison
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

21. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES: a few comments
The green-field approach BeAST and ePHENIX are largely overlapping, a part the different solenoid characteristics
A large number of experimental technologies are common to several or all approaches and the present intellectual investment of the community in these directions are therefore fully justified
There is no frozen design: the best of all technologies can be merged in the final detector(s)
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

22. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES: support to R&D
Generic Detector R&D for an Electron Ion Collider (
Started in 2011 by BNL, in association with Jlab and the DOE Office of NP
Goals:
develop detector concepts and technologies relevant for experiments in at EIC
ensure that required techniques and resources are well established within the EIC user community
annual fund level: $1.0M - $1.5M, subject to funds availability (from DOE NP)
1 call per year
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

23. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES: support to R&D
Generic Detector R&D for an Electron Ion Collider supported activities
From the AC report: “The committee especially appreciates the international interest in the EIC with participation from INFN, Trieste, the University of Birmingham and the Weizmann Institute of Science, in addition to the existing international participation of CEA Saclay, GSI Darmstadt, INFN Rome and Ferrara, IPN, Orsay, the University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, the Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaiso, and the Yerevan Physics Institute.”
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

24. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES: about the baseline technologies
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

25. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES: the most challenging areas (*)
A step forward TPC sensors for high-rates
ALICE will open the way to high-rate TPC sensors; going further at EIC fully recovering the dE/dx resolution
Mass GEM production outside CERN
a challenge on both sides of the Atlantic ocean
The future of aerogel RICHes
mass production issues (can the Japanese miracle for Belle II be reproduced ?)
which are the limit of combining aerogel and gas in a dual RICH ? (LHCb has given up with positive outcome)
High-momentum RICHes with reduced radiator length
a challenge presently w/o definite answers
(*) according to my analysis
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

26. TRIESTE & THE EIC

27. Trieste present engagement
EIC support
the permanent staff of our group has registered in the EICUG
group representative and CB member: Andrea Bressan
Silvia Dalla Torre member of the drafting committee for the EICUG charter
attending the 2016 EICUG meetings (Berkley, January 2016; Argonne, July 2017)
R&D
the hardware experts in our group have joint the eRD6 Consortium with a specific research program dedicated to gaseous single photon detectors for PID and synergies with TPC r-o
The requested financial support for the specific activities for FY 2017 granted
At work to get them available in Italy
Matching founds requested joining the INFN initiative RD_FA (CSN I), WP 4 (PI: Stefano Levorato)
Physics and simulations
The analysis experts of our group have joints the eRD20 proposal “Developing Analysis Tools and Techniques for the EIC”
eRD20 financed for the FY 2017
Matching founds requested joining the INFN initiative RD_FA (CSN I), WP 1
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

28. Trieste present engagement: R&D planes
resistive MM
with small
pad size
O(10 mm2)
PCB
0.15 mm
fiberglass
HV is applied here through a resistor ground)
Signal read-out from this pad
Further reduction of the Ion
BackFlow (IBF) rate:
presently ~ 5%
SYNERGIC
with TPC
Issues related to hybrid MPGD-based PDs operated in C-F atmosphere:
photolelectron extraction
Detector gain
ageing
GEM vs THGEM as photocathodes
Photoelectron
extraction
studies
RICH specific
C. D. R. Azevedo et al., 2010 JINST 5 P01002
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

29. Trieste present engagement: physics studies
PRESENT ACTIVITIES FOR EIC
Insert spin effects into the Monte Carlo event generators (presently focused on FFs):
Account for radiative effects at Monte Carlo level
Run EIC ROOT to give inputs for hardware design
RICH dedicated simulations
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

30. Trieste present engagement: promoting EIC in Italy & Europe
EICUG – EIC User Group (
The community supporting EIC
662 inscribed so far (experimentalists and theorists) – 45 from INFN
Previous meetings: January 2016, Berkley July 2016, Argonne
Agenda: physics detectors accelerators
INFN initiative towards the formation of an international community
The JULY 2017 meeting of the EICUG will be host at INFN – Trieste
18-22 July 2017
Goals:
Offer an opportunity to the whole INFN to learn more about – open to everyone !
Allow the interested INFN physicists to meet together in the right context to start forming a coherent community
More in general: offer an opportunity to European scientists, including the young component, to get in contact with EIC
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE

31. CLOSING CONSIDERATIONS

32. CLOSING CONSIDERATIONS
For this meeting, my effort is dedicated to present to you as many facts as I could in the given time limit and proposed subject
The physics case (not even touched in my talk) is definitely central in hadron physics and motivates the support to EIC of many of us
There are also stimulating technological challenges in the detector area (and the accelerator complex); European and INFN know-how are definitely needed in several fields
There are also relevant motivations related to scientific policy: EIC represents one of the future pillars for the progress of fundamental research in US
Genova, 17/1/ EIC Silvia DALLA TORRE