1. "THE BIG 4"
MACROMOLECULES

2. What is a
MACROMOLECULE

3. A super large organic compound.
Macromolecule:
A super large organic compound.

4. Monomer-a small organic molecule that can link with other monomers to form chains

5. Polymer-a large organic molecule made of many monomers that are linked to form a chain

6. Analogies POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN ? A PEARL NECKLACE
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

7. A Polymer-macromolecule made of many smaller molecules
Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are….
EXAMPLE of POLYMER
MONOMER
A TRAIN
BOX CAR
A PEARL NECKLACE
PEARL
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

8. Now you and a buddy… need to think of at least one other analogy for a polymer and its monomers.

9. Now we are ready to
begin our study of...

10. The Big Four

11. Three out of the 4 types of macromolecules can be found on food nutrition labels…

12. The 3 biochemical molecules found on a nutrition label are:
Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods.
The 3 biochemical molecules
found on a nutrition label are:
FAT
1____________________
2____________________
3____________________
(0 grams in this product)
Carbohydrates
(13 grams in this product)
Protein
(9 grams in this product)

13. What is the fourth
type of biochemical
macromolecule?

14. NUCLEIC ACIDS

15. Keep the following in mind when studying this material:
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates What they do Where they are found
Lipids What are they made up of
What atoms they contain
Proteins How they are used by organisms
Keep the following in mind when studying this material:

16. CARBOHYDRATES WHAT DO THEY DO?
They are the main source of energy (fuel) for organisms.
They make up the cell wall in plants which allow plants to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess! This kind of carbohydrate is called Cellulose or fiber

17. CARBOHYDRATES
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?
Plants- in the cell walls of plants as cellulose, and as sugars and starches (fruit, wood, potatoes)
Animals-in milk (dairy products), and in the liver stored as glycogen

18. THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
Simple
Complex

19. Simple: Sugars made up of 1 or 2 monomers. They also taste sweet.

20. COOKIES and CANDY
CAKES
FRUITS
Simple Sugars

21. Complex: Carbohydrates that are polymers made up of many monomers.
Most also taste starchy.

22. Complex Carbohydrates
WHOLE GRAINS
FIBER
STARCHES
BREADS
PASTAS
VEGETABLES

23. Chains of monomers. CARBOHYDRATES
MADE UP OF...
Chains of monomers.
Glucose is the most common monomer, also called “blood sugar”.

24. The chemical structure of Glucose is a hexagonal ring

25. Every carbohydrate contains atoms of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
CARBOHYDRATES
AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL
Every carbohydrate contains atoms of…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
THINK: “CHO”

26. PROTEINS
WHAT DO THEY DO?
They are the major structural molecules in organisms; used for building tissues
They make up immune system antibodies
They make up enzymes that promote chemical reactions
They makeup hormones which regulate body functions

27. Examples of tissues made of protein: muscle, connective, blood

28. Hair, Skin, and Nails

29. Microscope View of Skin and Nails
Skin Cells
Fingernail Protein (Keratin)

30. Cell Membranes Contain Proteins
The cell membrane surrounds everything in a cell so that it doesn’t
leak out.
The cell membrane is made mostly of lipids with a few embedded proteins.

31. Antibodies
Antibodies are proteins found in the immune system. If a microorganism, virus, or foreign protein enters the body, antibodies find the invader and attach themselves to its surface. The antibodies attract white blood cells that digest and destroy the invader with enzymes.

32. It would take years to digest a hamburger without digestive enzymes.
Enzymes are proteins that promote ( speed up) or inhibit chemical reactions in organisms so that reactions happen fast enough to sustain life.
It would take years to digest a hamburger without digestive enzymes.

33. Major Hormone- Secreting Glands/Organs
Hormones are proteins made in glands that are in one place in the body and then secreted into the blood. They target other organs or tissues that respond in some way.
Major Hormone- Secreting Glands/Organs

34. PROTEINS In Foods
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?
Plants-small quantities in roots, stems, and leaves; concentrated in nuts, seeds, and grains
Animal-most tissues like muscles and other organs, liquid tissues like blood and milk, & in eggs and skin

35. Proteins in Food

36. PROTEINS
MADE UP OF...
Proteins are long chains (polymers) made of smaller units (monomers) called
AMINO ACIDS

37. http://www. hcc. mnscu. edu/programs/dept/chem/V

38. http://upload. wikimedia

39. Proteins and Vegetarian Diets
There are 20 essential amino acids that humans need to build all of their tissues. Vegans must eat grains & legumes at the same time in order to obtain all 20 essential amino acids.

40. The shapes of proteins are like a folded up strand of pearls.
Amino Acid Chain
FoldedChain

41. PROTEINS THINK: “CHONS” Each protein is made up of…
AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL
Each protein is made up of…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen,
Nitrogen and sometimes Sulfur
THINK: “CHONS”

42. LIPIDS WHAT DO THEY DO? They are a major source of STORED ENERGY
They INSULATE the bodies of some organisms to maintain body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection.
They form STEROIDS that are hormones that regulate body functions
They waterproof the surfaces of some animals and plants to prevent dehydration (waxes)
They form cell membranes

43. LIPIPS (Fats, Oils, Waxes) …some interesting info
Waterproofing...
Fruits and leaves produce a waxy coating to keep from drying out.
The cells in a tulip make a wax which helps coat the leaves.
Ear wax traps dust, sand, and other foreign particles from going deeper into the ear and causing damage.
Beeswax- a structural material to hold honey in the hive

44. LIPIDS…some more interesting info
Steroids...
There are many different types of steroids and their functions vary. Some common steroids are:
SEX STEROIDS ANABOLIC STEROIDS
CHOLESTEROL
Builds cell membranes, makes other hormones
Regulate sex characteristics & reproduction
Increases muscle mass

45. LIPIDS…some more interesting info
Some anabolic steroids are synthetic, harmful, & illegal
Steriods...

46. LIPIDS Plants- in the seeds
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?
Plants- in the seeds
Animals- in adipose (fat) tissue & connective tissue
cell membranes of all cells.

47. LIPIDS In Our Diet
OILS
BUTTER
MARGARINE

48. LIPIDS
MADE UP OF...
Lipids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of lipids is a…
TRIGLYCERIDE

49. The Shape of a Triglyceride is Like the Letter
a triglyceride molecule

50. LIPIDS
TYPES
Fats
Oils
Waxes

51. Each lipid molecule is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
LIPIDS
AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL
Each lipid molecule is made up of…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
THINK: “CHO”

52. How are Lipids like Carbohydrates?
Both carbohydrates and lipids contain the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
“CHO”
A carbohydrate always has twice as many hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen and carbon atoms.
EX: C6H12O Glucose
Lipids have many more carbon and hydrogen atoms as they do oxygen atoms.
EX: C27H45OH Cholesterol
Lipids have more chemical bonds, therefore more stored energy!

53. Quick Review Questions
Try to answer without looking back or using your notes :)
What macromolecule stores energy for the future?
What are 4 functions of proteins in your body?
What are some examples of lipids?
What are two main functions of carbohydrates in plants?
DNA and RNA are this type of macromolecule:

54. Mini Quiz Examples of the Big 4
Each of the following foods is high in one of the Big 4 organic macromolecule molecules. Decide which one is found in each of the following foods.
Corn Oil
Lean Ham
Bread
Fish

55. Nucleic Acids WHAT DO THEY DO DNA
Is the genetic material. Chromosomes are made of DNA.
Chromosomes contain the “recipes” to make proteins for your body.
RNA
Reads the DNA “protein recipes” and makes the proteins for your body.

56. NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA- in the nucleus of the cell in all organisms
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?
DNA- in the nucleus of the cell in all organisms
DNA-in the mitochondria
RNA-outside the nucleus

57. THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA
RNA

58. NUCLEIC ACIDS
MADE UP OF...
Nucleic Acids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. Nucleic acids are made up of
Nucleotides

59. NUCLEOTIDE

60. Each nucleic acid is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
NUCLEIC ACIDS
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each nucleic acid is made up of…
Phosphorus, Nitrogen,
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
THINK: “PONCH”

61. REVIEW QUESTIONS
What elements are found in all of the Big 4 molecules?
Since Carbohydrates and Lipids have the same elements in them, how can you tell the difference?
Would C26H32O5 be a carbohydrate or lipid?
Which molecule is in the shape of a hexagon?
Which molecule is in the shape of an E?
A polymer of amino acids makes what molecule?

62. Which one of the following molecules is a lipid? A carbohydrate?

63. MORE REVIEW
What kind of carbohydrate gives you a quick burst of energy?
What kind of carbohydrate gives you long term energy?
You are stranded on a desert island and have found a box of food. Considering you have almost nothing to eat on the island, which of the following would be the best food to have in the box? WHY?
Crackers
Butter
Nuts