1. Green jobs AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CONCEPT AND ITS PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION
March 2017

2. Green job?

3. Green job?

4. Green job?

5. Green job?

6. Green Job?

7. Ecological Overshoot Day
On August 8, 2016, we had used as much from nature as our planet can renew in the whole 2016
Ecological overshoot = We use more ecological resources and services than nature can regenerate through overfishing, overharvesting forests and emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than forests can sequester.

8. Two planets will be needed by 2050
2100
2050
2002
1900
Source:

9. Planetary boundaries: our operating space
AIR: Pollution, Ozon layer depletion and Climate change
ENERGY: access, efficiency, mix (renewable energies)
BIODIVERSITY: conservation, sustainable use, fair sharing of benefits
LAND: soil degradation, desertification, deforestation
WATER: fresh water depletion, water pollution, ocean acidification
WASTE: solid waste, chemicals and hazardous substances, e-waste
Planetary boundaries is the central concept in an Earth system framework proposed by a group of Earth system and environmental scientists led by Johan Rockström from the Stockholm Resilience Centre and Will Steffen from the Australian National University. In 2009, the group proposed a framework of “planetary boundaries” designed to define a “safe operating space for humanity” for the international community, including governments at all levels, international organizations, civil society, the scientific community and the private sector, as a precondition forsustainable development. This framework is based on scientific research that indicates that since the Industrial Revolution, human actions have gradually become the main driver of global environmental change. The scientists assert that once human activity has passed certain thresholds or tipping points, defined as “planetary boundaries”, there is a risk of “irreversible and abrupt environmental change”.[3] The scientists identified nine Earth system processes which have boundaries that, to the extent that they are not crossed, mark the safe zone for the planet. However, because of human activities some of these dangerous boundaries have already been crossed, while others are in imminent danger of being crossed.[4]
Source:

10. Global social challenges
Global unemployment, surpassing 200 million worldwide;
Poverty: in 2010, estimated 942 million working poor – nearly 1 in 3 workers worldwide – living below the US$2 a day poverty line;
Access to basic services, such as energy, sanitation and social protection, and decent living standards considering that in 2010:
5.3 billion had no social security or protection
1.6 billion live without access to energy
1 billion were slum dwellers
2.5 billion lacked basic sanitation;
Social costs of natural hazards: 330 million are constantly exposed to the risk of flooding, and more than 260 million are affected annually by climate related disasters.
Source: UN (various)
Global population by type of area and by region –
Population in low- and middle-income countries earning US$ 4,000-17,000 per capita (purchasing power parity)
Source: WBCSD – Vision

11. How is labour affected by climate change?
Climate impacts on workers and enterprises everywhere, however capacities to respond differ significantly
Bangladesh, 2007, Cyclone Sidr disrupted several hundred thousand small businesses and adversely affected 567,000 jobs. 
United States, 2012, hurricane Sandy left 150,000 workers displaced and employment was overall reduced by over 11,000 workers in New Jersey in 2012.
Philippines, December 2014, Typhoon Hagupit affected around 800,000 workers, with their source of livelihood damaged or disrupted overnight. 

12. How is labour affected by climate change?
Rising temperatures will lead to major disruptions in agriculture, especially in poor rural areas
Agricultural production, including access to food, in many developing countries is projected to be severely compromised. E.g. in some African countries, yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reduced by up to 50%. This would further adversely affect food security and exacerbate malnutrition (source: IPCC)
Limited access to improved seeds, fertilisers, technology innovation, irrigation systems, to make their crops more resilient.
No insurance to protect workers from losses: a drought, a flood or an illness can cause poverty and hunger due to loss of livelihoods.
Women farmers currently account for per cent of all food production in developing countries.

13. Environmental challenge:
Rationale
Jobs as a means to address two defining challenges of the XXI century
Environmental challenge:
Averting climate change
Protecting life-support on Earth
Social challenge:
Decent work for all
Well-being and dignity for the excluded

14. Rationale: job-creation potential
Between 15 and 60 million new jobs can be created globally
ILO’s research:
BAU scenario (ILO GEL model)
Productivity level drop 2.4% by 2030; 7.2% by 2050
Shift to Green Economy (ILO GEL model)
0.5-2% Net job gains = million jobs globally
Multi-factor productivity + by 1.5% by 2020; 5% by 2050
Significant gains from major sectors: agriculture, forestry, fishing, energy, resource-intensive manufacturing, recycling, buildings and transport

15. Rationale: addressing impacts on employment as economies go green
New job creation
Additional new jobs will be created
Renewable energy sector; energy performance service companies; mobility services
Elimination
Certain jobs may be eliminated without direct replacement
Inefficient coal mining; packaging (materials discouraged or banned);
Substitution
Some employment will be substituted
Shifting from fossil fuels to RE&EE, automobiles to mass transit, waste disposal to recycling, primary metals production to secondary production
Transformation
Many existing jobs will be redefined
Existing jobs greened along with changed workplace practices and methods.
Supply-chain effects (steel for wind turbines)

16. WHAT are green jobs?

17. Working definition
Jobs are green when they help reduce negative environmental impact, and lead to environmentally, economically and socially sustainable enterprises and economies. Green jobs are decent jobs in agriculture, manufacturing or service that:
Improve energy and raw materials efficiency
Limit greenhouse gas emissions
Minimize waste and pollution
Protect and restore ecosystems
Support adaptation to the effects of climate change

18. In practice? Process Product and services Nature conservation
Reducing energy and resource intensity
Eco-efficiency
Reducing and recycling waste
Organic agricultural products (certified)
Green textiles (green labelling)
Eco-tourism (certified)
Green construction (certified)
Green financing
Ecosystem support
Natural resource management

19. Green jobs are also decent
Guaranteeing rights at work
Respect of the ILO International Labour Standards
Creating jobs
Equal opportunities, freely chosen, productive and gainful
Extending social protection
Decent salary, social protection coverage, occupational safety and health
Promoting social dialogue
Freedom of association and collective bargaining
Gender equality
Non discrimination

20. Environmental
impact
Decent work

21. HOW CAN green jobs be promoted?

22. World Renewable Energy Employment by Technology
While growth in employment slowed compared to previous years, the total number of jobs in renewables worldwide continued to rise, in stark contrast with
depressed labour markets in the broader energy sector

23. Where are jobs in renewable energy?
Although manufacturing is concentrated in a few leading countries (e.g. China, United States, Malaysia, Republic of Korea), part of the value chain of the sector are easy to localise: assembly, distribution, installation, after sales services, maintenance, and loan-payment collection.
115,000 jobs in the SHS value chain in Bangladesh in 2014
50,000 additional induced jobs in downstream businesses thanks to availability of solar electricity in rural areas 23

24. Green jobs in practice ILO SCORE India : ‘Green SMEs, Win SMEs'
Green jobs Zambia: Construction sector
From Waste to Green: Albania

25. Services

26. Services
Knowledge creation by documenting experiences, conducting global, regional and sectoral studies, and producing flagship reports and guidelines on the linkages between labour and environmental issues.
Advocacy by building partnerships, such as PAGE, and engaging in dialogues and key negotiation processes for increased international policy coherence. The ILO contributed actively to the Paris Climate Change Conference in December 2015 .
Capacity building by providing stakeholders with opportunities to learn about key green jobs concepts, suitable approaches, existing tools and best practices. Training programmes, offered in collaboration with ITC-ILO’s Green Jobs Learning Cluster, at international, regional and national level, aim to provide stakeholders with the necessary knowledge to engage efficiently in strategy design for green jobs creation.
Diagnostics and prioritization by identifying economic sectors with high potential for green job creation through national green jobs assessments;
Pilot projects whereby tools for sectoral and thematic approaches are developed and tested such as green entrepreneurship, the greening of enterprises and local development of infrastructure for adaptation to climate change.
Policy advice for the formulation and implementation of effective national or sectoral policies that create green jobs, foster social inclusion and improve sustainability;
Knowledge sharing so that others can learn from best practices and country experiences.

27. Areas of work Skills development Greening enterprises
Green jobs assessment
Read more
Skills development
Greening enterprises
Green works
Climate change
Green economy

28. Useful resources ILO Green Jobs Programme www.ilo.org/greenjobs
ITCILO Green Jobs Learning
UNEP Green Economy / PAGE Initiative
Green Growth Knowledge Platform
UN Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform
World Business Council for Sustainable Development
Global Footprint Network

29. The ILO’s Green Jobs Programme
ILO’s commitment to act on climate change and to promote resource-efficient and low-carbon economies and societies through the lens of the world of work. 
Decent work is a cornerstone: efforts to reduce adverse environmental impact must lead to job-rich economies and fair societies with employment opportunities for all. 
Engage with governments, enterprises and workers to build capacity, develop skills, create and share knowledge in support of just transitions to sustainable economies.
Since its creation in 2008, it has progressively assisted over 30 countries through dedicated
services and areas of work

30. « Just transition » simply defined
A just transition means that the burden of change that benefits everyone will not be placed disproportionately on a few (ITUC)
A just transition for all implies that responses to climate change should maximize opportunities for decent work creation and ensure social justice, rights and social protection for all leaving no one behind.
2013
ILC Conclusions
2014
GB call for TEM
2015
TEM Draft Guidelines
GB adoption of the Guidelines