1. The First Computers Jacquard’s Loom: programmed a loom
A Historical Perspective
The First Computers
Jacquard’s Loom: programmed a loom
“Babbage’s Folly”: first fully modern computer design
Difference Engine
Analytical Engine
Module B

2. A Historical Perspective
The First Computers
Module
Augusta Ada Byron, the world’s first computer programmer, played a key role in formulating the notion of programming the Analytical Engine. B

3. A Historical Perspective
The First Computers
In 1991, the London Science Museum built the Difference Engine using Babbage's plans, as shown in this woodcut. It worked perfectly.
Module B

4. The First Computers Hollerith & the Automated Census Bureau
A Historical Perspective
The First Computers
Hollerith & the Automated Census Bureau
invented an electronic punching device
founded Tabulating Machine Co. which became IBM
Module B
Hollerith’s punched-card tabulating machines are the predecessors of today’s business machines.

5. Foundations of Modern Computing
A Historical Perspective
Foundations of Modern Computing
Module B
ENIAC, created by Dr. John Mauchly & J. Presper Eckert, for use in the war but was not completed in time. It was mainly used to solve math problems

6. The Stored Program Concept
A Historical Perspective
The Stored Program Concept
Module B
The computer program, as well as the data, is stored in the computer’s memory.

7. A Historical Perspective
The First Generation 1950s
Module B
The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes. Vacuum tubes failed frequently so first generation computers did not work most of the time.

8. A Historical Perspective
Module B
Eckert and Mauchly delivered the first UNIVAC to the U.S. Census Bureau in UNIVAC gained fame when it predicted Eisenhower as the winner of the 1952 U.S. presidential election.

9. The First Generation Features of UNIVAC IBM 701 IBM 650
A Historical Perspective
The First Generation
Features of UNIVAC
easier to use (than ENIAC)
fewer vacuum tubes (more reliable)
stored program
general-purpose
used machine language
IBM 701
IBM 650
Module B

10. The Second Generation Early1960s
A Historical Perspective
The Second Generation Early1960s
Module
The transistor heralded the second generation of computers B

11. The Second Generation Features and Advancements IBM 1401
A Historical Perspective
The Second Generation
Features and Advancements
still use punch cards
used printers, tape storage, & disk storage
used high-level programming languages
COBOL & FORTRAN introduced
IBM 1401
Module B

12. A Historical Perspective
The Second Generation
Electronic Recording Machine -- Accounting (ERMA)
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
IBM System/360
line of compatible computers
instruction set enabled to be used for both business and science
Module B

13. The Third Generation (Mid 1960s to Mid 1970s)
A Historical Perspective
The Third Generation (Mid 1960s to Mid 1970s)
Advancements and Milestones
used timesharing
accessed remotely by terminals
used integrated circuits (small, medium, to large-scale integration) resulting in lower cost
Module B
Integrated chips

14. The Third Generation More Advancements and Milestones
A Historical Perspective
The Third Generation
More Advancements and Milestones
DEC’s minicomputer, the PDP-8
many different programming languages
IBM “unbundled” its systems
Module B

15. Still More Advancements and Milestones
A Historical Perspective
Still More Advancements and Milestones
Wide-area networks (WAN) developed
ARPANET implemented Internet protocols (TCPIP)
Local area networks (LAN) developed
Mainframes (proprietary)/minicomputers (open architecture)
Module B

16. The Fourth Generation (1975-1991)
A Historical Perspective
The Fourth Generation ( )
Advancements and Milestones
employed very-large-scale integration (VLSI)
developed Intel 4004, first microprocessor
Apple Computer founded
IBM introduced the Personal Computer (PC)
IBM compatibles or clones introduced
Module B

17. A Historical Perspective
The Fourth Generation
The first IBM PC was released in Intel provided the microprocessor chip and Microsoft Corporation provided the operating system
Module B

18. The Fourth Generation Apple Computer IBM Interfaces Motorola Intel PC
A Historical Perspective
The Fourth Generation
IBM
Apple Computer
Module B
Interfaces
Motorola
Intel PC
Macintosh
The first GUI was developed at Xerox Corporation’s Palo Alto Research Center (PARC)

19. A Historical Perspective
IBM
Apple Computer
Microsoft’s Windows 98 is a popular GUI designed for IBM- compatible microcomputers
Module B
Macintosh was the first commercial personal computer to offer a user interface

20. A Historical Perspective
A Fifth Generation?
Experts have forecast that the hallmark of the fifth generation will be artificial intelligence (AI), in which computers exhibit characteristics of human intelligence. AI has been slow in coming.
Module B

21. A Historical Perspective
A Fifth Generation?
Module B
Technologically, we’re still in the fourth generation, in which engineers are pushing to see how many transistors they can pack on chip. This effort alone will bring some of the trappings of AI.

22. A Historical Perspective
Lessons Learned
Purposes served by technologies cannot be foreseen by designers
Developing faster hardware is easier than developing good software
A company is wise to create products that conform to published, non-proprietary standards
Module B