1. Q1: Coastal Landscapes
15 marks

2. Coastal Processes Produce Landforms

3. Types of Waves

6. Biological weathering
Rocks are broken down where they are and do not get moved.
Physical weathering
Freeze-Thaw
Biological weathering
Seeds fall into cracks of rocks. Seed grows and as roots grow they force rocks apart .
Chemical weathering
Carbonation
CO2 is absorbed by H2O to create carbonic acid (H2CO2)

7. Rocks are broken down and carried away by something - such as the sea
Erosion
Rocks are broken down and carried away by something - such as the sea

10. Material shifts down a slope under the force of gravity.
Mass Movement
Material shifts down a slope under the force of gravity.
Rocks and loose material shift down a slope - e.g. a cliff
Mass movements cause coasts to retreat more rapidly
Soil Creep
Slowest downhill movement
Gravity pulls water in the soil downhill
Soil particles move with the water
Heavy rainfall will speed up movement
Slope appears to have ripples
Ripples are known at ‘terracettes’.
Slumping
Large area of land moves down a slope
Common on clay cliffs
Dry weather makes rock contract & crack
When it rains, water gets into cracks
Soil becomes saturated
Large piece of rock is pulled down the cliff

11. Landforms created by coastal erosion: Cliffs & Wave-Cut Platforms

12. Landforms created by coastal erosion:
Headlands & Bays

13. Landforms created by coastal erosion:
Cave, arch, stack & stump

14. Landforms created by coastal deposition:
Longshore Drift

15. Landforms created by coastal deposition:
Beaches
Beaches are formed by deposition between the high water and low water marks. They are formed by constructive waves.

16. Landforms created by coastal deposition:
Spits

17. Landforms created by coastal deposition:
Bars

18. Coastal Landforms are subject to change

19. What affects the rate of coastal erosion?
Fetch
How far the wave has travelled. The longer the fetch, the stronger the waves.
Geology
Softer rocks will erode more quickly. However, harder rocks sticking out at headlands will also be vulnerable to the full force of the waves’ power
Defence
If the coast is defended it will slow down rates of erosion. However, groynes will speed up erosion further down the coast if it is not defended.

20. The effects of coastal recession on people and the environment
Happisburgh
25 properties & lifeboat launch station lost since Grade 1 listed church estimated to be lost to the sea by 2020.
Walton on the Naze
Present rates of erosion of 1.5m per year means the tower will be lost to the sea. The area around the tower is used for recreation & is not worth spending money to defend it.
Westward Ho!
Coastal golf courses are at high risk. The Royal North Devon Golf Club at Westward Ho! Is losing its 7th & 8th holes.
Exeter to Penzance Railway
The sea often washes over the tracks. Once 160 passengers were stranded for 4 hours because the sea made the electrics fail.
Barton on Sea
Since 1975 the seaside café & Manor Lodge had to be demolished as they became dangerously close to the sea. In 2004 the coastal footpath was closed & re-sited further back from the cliff edge.

21. Predicting and preventing the effects of coastal flooding: Forecasting
The Met Office predicts the likelihood of a flood. This is communicated through weather forecasts and news on TV, radio, websites and apps.
The Environment Agency monitors sea conditions 24/7. The Storm Tide Forecasting Service provides coastal flooding info on a 24 hour flood hotline and on their website.

22. Predicting and preventing the effects of coastal flooding: Building Design
In Bangladesh all 1 & 2 storey buildings must have an external staircase to the roof.
Houses along the coast at Malibu in California are built on stilts to protect them from storm tides.
Properties built in areas of flood risk have designs to protect them from the wind, rain and storms.

23. Predicting and preventing the effects of coastal flooding: Planning
Planning permission may not be granted if the land is at risk from or has a history of flooding.
The Thames Flood Barrier was completed in In 2010 the Environment Agency installed new flood walls along the river along with other flood defences to protect London against future flooding.
In Bangladesh the Coastal Embankment project has led to the building of 12 sea-facing flood walls & 500 flood shelters.

24. Predicting and preventing the effects of coastal flooding: Education
Governments give advice to the public via websites about how to protect homes and what to do if a flood occurs.
In Bangladesh many coastal areas have flood warning systems.
In King’s Lynn, Norfolk, there is a flood siren. The council employs officers to visit homes to warn people & help them prepare if flooding is forecast.

25. Large rocks placed in front of the cliff
Hard Engineering
Major construction work that aims to prevent floods & usually not great to look at!
Revetments
Rip Rap
Recurved Seawalls
Slatted wooden structures at the base of a cliff
Absorb wave energy through slats
Effective for many years
Relatively cheap
Not effective in storms
Regular maintenance
Makes beach inaccessible for tourists
Large rocks placed in front of the cliff
Breaks up wave energy
Effective for many years
Cheap
Not effective in storms
Unattractive
Makes beach inaccessible for tourists
Usually concrete wall, modern ones have a curve
Reflect & absorb wave energy
Effective for many years
Visible & therefore makes people feel safe
Very expensive
Unattractive

26. Wire cages filled with stones
Hard Engineering
Groynes
Gabions
Offshore Reefs
Usually wooden structures stretch from the coastline in right-angles out into sea
Prevent longshore drift
Keeps beach in place for tourist industry
Effective for many years
Starves beaches further down the coast of sediment > speeds up erosion elsewhere
Unattractive
Wire cages filled with stones
Rock cages breaks up wave energy
Relatively cheap
Not as effective as other methods
Wire cages can break – need to be well secured
Concrete blocks/natural boulders sunk offshore
Waves break further offshore > reduces their power to erode
Less wave energy will allow more sand to build up on beach
Difficult to install
Storms may remove them

27. Cliff cut back with new gentle slope = reduce slumping
Soft Engineering
Work with natural processes aiming to reduce effects of floods – tend to blend in well
Beach Replenishment
Cliff Regrading
Managed Retreat
Adding sand/pebbles to the beach
Looks natural & is cheap
Keeps beach in place for tourist industry
Beach = natural defence
Requires constant maintenance
Noisy & heavy machinery will disrupt homes & businesses
Affects plant & marine life
Cliff cut back with new gentle slope = reduce slumping
Covered in netting to encourage vegetation
Natural habitat > encourages wildlife
Not as effective as other methods
Homes on cliff may need to be demolished to allow work to take place
Allow nature to take its course & flooding to occur
Cheap
Creates wetland habitats for plants & birds
Some people will lose their land
Difficult to estimate how much land will be lost – especially in face of rising sea levels

28. Coastal Management

29. Managing the coast: Walton-on-the-Naze, Essex
1977: Groyne, Cliff & Seawall Heaven!
Groynes built to stop longshore drift moving sediment from the south to the north
Cliff regraded and drainage channels installed to make cliffs stable
Slopes planted with gorse & nettles to stop people climbing on the cliffs
Seawall built to protect the bottom of the cliffs as they are made up of soft clay
1998: Rip-Rap’s Looking Great!
Rip-Rap placed along the bottom of the cliffs. 300 tonnes of Leicester granite placed around the Tower Breakwater
1999: Beach Replenishment’s Mighty Fine!
Beach replenished with sand & gravel from Harwich Harbour
Alternative case studies: Happisburgh, Norfolk or Barton on Sea, Hampshire