1. Urban Decline and Regeneration

2. Urban decline Decline in Industry Increase in Unemployment
Movement in manufacturing overseas so industry close
Industry may move outside the city centre where rent is cheaper
Increase in Unemployment
If the industry declines, there is a loss of jobs and an increase in unemployment
The jobs available to the unemployed left behind may be unskilled or low paid
Shops and Services Decline
Fewer people are left to use shops and services (e.g. public transport/leisure facilities) and those who remain have less money
The shops may have to shut and services may go into decline
The Physical Environment Declines
Empty buildings left as shops, industry and people move out – may become derelict and have problems with graffiti and vandalism
Recreational areas are neglected and may develop problems with crime e.g. drug dealing
As it becomes unattractive, decline continues as fewer people want to live their

3. The 3 different regeneration processes
Gentrification
Partnership Schemes
Property-Led Regeneration Schemes

4. gentrification
When wealthier people move to into a rundown area and regenerate it by improving their housing, often causing social change as lower income groups are replaced by more affluent people

5. Positive impacts
Housing is improved as wealthy newcomers regenerate old buildings
The value of housing in the area increases so existing home owners are able to sell their houses for more money
New businesses e.g. bars and restaurants move into the area to cater for the wealthier newcomers, creating jobs
Crime rates may fall as there are fewer derelict buildings that attract graffiti and vandalism

6. Negative impacts
The high demand for housing can cause problems e.g. tenants may be forced to move out as their landlords want to sell their houses will its value is high
Children of original residents may be unable to afford to buy or rent nearby so may have to move elsewhere
Original residents may lose the shops and services they need e.g. laundrettes and charity shops as they are replaced by up-market shops aimed at wealthier residents e.g. coffee shops
This can mean there is tension between the locals and new residents

7. Case study: Islington

8. Location/background It’s a borough in north London
Large Georgians and Victorian houses originally occupied by wealthy residents
In the late 19th century, the railways expanded and made access to the city easier – wealthier residents moved to the suburbs
Poorer residents moved into the area, which became overcrowded
These people couldn’t afford to maintain the housing and the area became rundown

9. Reasons for the arrival of the middle class
Increase in jobs in the service sector e.g. law
Decrease in jobs in the manufacturing sector
People working in the service sector were often young, well paid and worked long hours
Islington is well-connected to the city centre by Angel underground station
Houses in Islington were large, attractive and much cheaper than wealthier areas
They were also rundown so could be renovated to suit people’s own tastes
Once the process had begun, more and more wealthy people were encouraged to move there

10. Positive impacts
Improved housing – wealthier residents renovated and improved many Georgian and Victorian houses e.g. restoring original features and repainting exterior walls
New businesses opened e.g. wine bars and restaurants
Jobs and money were brought to the area

11. Negative impacts
Increased house prices - £130,000 in 1996 and £430,000 in 2008
Difficult for people on lower salaries to live in the area – many forced out or into social housing (50% of housing in 2008)
Wealth gap between the richest and poorest – the richest 20% earn over £60,000 a year and the poorest 20% earn less than £15,000 a year
Islington was the 8th most deprived area in England in 2007 and it had the 2nd highest rate of child poverty, plus high levels of crime and unemployment
Some businesses have closed e.g. traditional pubs and convenience stores

12. Managing the impacts
Islington businesses are encouraged to pay the London living wage (£8.30/hour) – this gives low-skilled workers a larger income and helps them cope with the increased cost of living
Charities work in poorer neighbourhoods to improve education e.g. the Light Project International runs practical classes for unemployed people over the age of 16 and adult education classes in languages

13. Partnership schemes
Local councils work with businesses and local communities to come up with a regeneration plan for an area

14. About them…
THE SCHEMES OFTEN TRY TO IMPROVE THE ECONOMY AND THE ENVIRONMENT OF AN AREA
THEY AIM TO MAKE SOCIAL IMPROVEMENTS E.G. BY BUILDING COMMUNITY CENTRES
IN THE UK, PARTNERSHIP SCHEMES SUCH AS CITY CHALLENGE AIMED TO REGENERATE URBAN AREAS – 31 city challenge partnership schemes were set up in deprived urban areas from 1992 – 1998
THE GOVERNMENT PROVIDED £1.4 BILLION OF FUNDING AND THEY ATTRACTED A TOTAL INVESTMENT OF £7.6 BILLION
CITIES COMPETED WITH EACH OTHER FOR FUNDING WHICH WAS USED TO REGENERATE DEPRIVED AREAS BY IMPROVING THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMY AND QUALITY

15. Case study: Hulme

16. In the 19th and early 20th centuries
Prior to regeneration
In the 19th and early 20th centuries
Hulme provided housing for people working in Manchester’s industries – by the mid 20th century it was overcrowded
Many people were living in in poor quality housing with few facilities e.g. no indoor toilet
It was cleared for redevelopment in the 1960s
The Redevelopment
People were moved out of their homes into new tower blocks and apartment buildings (the Hulme Crescents)
These had problems with pest infestations and poor heating
Many residents felt isolated and suffered from depression and poor health
Early 1990s
Many families had moved out of Hulme
Many of the flats were unliveable
The area was poor and there were problems with unemployment and crime

17. regeneration What was done
In 1992 the Hulme City Challenge Partnership was set up – Manchester City Council worked with private companies to design a £37.5 million regeneration package to redevelop the area
It aimed to create a strong community feel by building a mixture of housing, businesses, shops and community spaces, and improving transport links to the city centre and surrounding communities
Improvements
The tower blocks were demolished and new housing was built (a mixture of council owned and private to cater for locals and outsiders)
The main shopping centre was refurbished to include a range of shops, a covered market hall and a supermarket
The Zion Centre was created – its an arts venue and community centre that runs arts projects for locals
A business park was built at Birley Fields to encourage private investment – Colgate occupy some of the offices
Hulme Park was created as a safe, outdoor green space

18. Successes
Population
It’s become a more desirable place to live so population has increased (by 3.3% from 1992 – 2002)
This was higher than the Manchester average of 0.2%
Investment
Hulme and Moss Side received £400 million from private and public investment – due to new industries and services
Unemployment
It fell from 32% in 1992 to 6% in 2010
Quality of Life
Physical and environmental regeneration has led to an improvement in the local quality of life
There has been an improvement in the statistical level of deprivation in Hulme relative to other areas of Manchester

19. problems Poor 47.5% of the population live in social housing
Social Factors
It compares badly in terms of education and crime when compared to more successful parts of the city
House Prices
More professionals have moved into the area, causing an increase in private house prices
In some cases it has become unaffordable for locals on a low income so they are forced to move away
Unemployment
Levels are still high compared to Manchester as a whole

20. Property-led regeneration
Building or improving property in an area to change its image and improve the local environment

21. About it…
The changes encourage further investment and the return of people and business
They are often set up by urban development corporations (who have the power to acquire land and develop it as they see fit) – They plan and coordinate the development

22. Case Study: London Docklands Development corporation

23. Background Location River Thames East of London Important
19th and early 20th centuries
Home to economic activity e.g. warehouses
Decline
Started in the 1960s
The new container ships were too large and deep for the docks
Derelict
By the 1980s
150,000 jobs lost
20% of housing wasn’t sanitary
Isolated as poor public transport
LDDC
Set up in 1981
Aimed to tackle the problems and encourage people and businesses back

24. Successes
Enterprise Zone 1982 – 92 – by 1998, there were 2,700 businesses
Benefited from £7.7 billion private investment
85,000 employed
24,000 new homes built (6,250 housing association/council houses)
The resident population increased from 39,000 to 61,500
Docklands Light Railway opened in 1987 – 20 minutes to London
New pedestrian and cycle routes – travel safer and easier
New public facilities e.g. a sailing and water sports centre, the Surrey Quays shopping complex
New schools and colleges built and existing ones improved e.g. IT facilities
More pleasant environment – 100,000 trees plants, ecology park at Bow Creek

25. Unemployment of the people in council housing rose from 28% to 32%
Failures
Conflict between original and new residents – thought LDDC favoured luxury development
Hard for original residents to find work as 36% were unskilled/semi-skilled but it was skilled jobs available e.g. banking
60-75% of jobs had relocated to benefit from tax breaks (E.Z.) – e.g. the newspapers
Unemployment of the people in council housing rose from 28% to 32%
A survey in 1996 found 28% of people living in the Docklands thought the LDDC had made no difference, 22% said life was worse
Specialist shops e.g. Tobacco Wharf Shopping Outlet had to shut as they didn’t cater for local residents’ needs
The DLR is generally empty, except at peak times when it is overcrowded

26. management
In some areas of the Docklands e.g. Wapping the LDDC asked for 40% od new housing to be sold at a lower price to original residents
Centres were set up to provide training in basic skills e.g. literacy, numeracy and IT
£1.5 million was spent on an IT centre that opened in 1984 – it trained 16 – 18 year olds in electronics and computer programming and provided them with work experience – at the end of the course, they received a qualification
The LDDC supported Skillnet, a job agency which worked with training providers and employers to provide people with the skills needed to find work in the area e.g. in construction