1. Emotion

2. Let’s think about this:
Take out a scrap sheet of paper
Make a list of all of the emotions you can think of in 2 minutes
On your mark…get set…go
Now group similar emotions into categories

3. Basic Emotions Primary emotion Secondary emotion Tertiary emotions
Love
Affection
Adoration, affection, love, fondness, liking, attraction, caring, tenderness, compassion, sentimentality
Lust
Arousal, desire, lust, passion, infatuation
Longing
Joy
Cheerfulness
Amusement, bliss, cheerfulness, gaiety, glee, jolliness, joviality, joy, delight, enjoyment, gladness, happiness, jubilation, elation, satisfaction, ecstasy, euphoria
Zest
Enthusiasm, zeal, zest, excitement, thrill, exhilaration
Contentment
Contentment, pleasure
Pride
Pride, triumph
Optimism
Eagerness, hope, optimism
Enthrallment
Enthrallment, rapture
Relief

4. More Basic Emotions Surprise Amazement, surprise, astonishment Anger
Irritation
Aggravation, irritation, agitation, annoyance, grouchiness, grumpiness
Exasperation
Exasperation, frustration
Rage
Anger, rage, outrage, fury, wrath, hostility, ferocity, bitterness, hate, loathing, scorn, spite, vengefulness, dislike, resentment
Disgust
Disgust, revulsion, contempt
Envy
Envy, jealousy
Torment

5. More Basic Emotions Sadness Suffering Agony, suffering, hurt, anguish
Depression, despair, hopelessness, gloom, glumness, sadness, unhappiness, grief, sorrow, woe, misery, melancholy
Disappointment
Dismay, disappointment, displeasure
Shame
Guilt, shame, regret, remorse
Neglect
Alienation, isolation, neglect, loneliness, rejection, homesickness, defeat, dejection, insecurity, embarrassment, humiliation, insult
Sympathy
Pity, sympathy
Fear
Horror
Alarm, shock, fear, fright, horror, terror, panic, hysteria, mortification
Nervousness
Anxiety, nervousness, tenseness, uneasiness, apprehension, worry, distress, dread

6. Volunteers:
Role play
Take a card
Act out the emotion
Class can you guess what the emotion displayed was?

7. Theories of Emotion
Emotions are a mix of 1) physiological activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3) conscious experience.

8. Theories of Emotion
Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?

9. Controversy
Does physiological arousal precede or follow your emotional experience?
Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion (feeling)?

10. Common Sense View
When you become happy, your heart starts beating faster. First comes conscious awareness, then comes physiological activity.
Bob Sacha

11. James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
Fear
(emotion)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)

12. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Fear
(emotion)
Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger:
physiological responses
subjective experience of emotion

13. Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Cognitive
label
“I’m afraid”
Fear
(emotion)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
To experience emotion one must:
be physically aroused
cognitively label the arousal

14. Embodied Emotion
We know that emotions involve bodily responses. Some of these responses are very noticeable (butterflies in our stomach when fear arises), but others are more difficult to discern (neurons activated in the brain).

15. Physiological Similarities
Physiological responses related to the emotions of fear, anger, love, and boredom are very similar.
OBJECTIVE 4| Name three emotions that involve similar physiological arousal.
M. Grecco/ Stock Boston
Excitement and fear involve a similar
physiological arousal.

16. Emotion and Physiology
Autonomic nervous system controls
physiological arousal
Sympathetic
division (arousing)
Pupils dilate
Decreases
Perspires
Increases
Accelerates
Inhibits
Secrete stress
hormones
Parasympathetic
division (calming)
Pupils contract
Dries
Slows
Activates
secretion of
stress
EYES
SALIVATION
SKIN
RESPIRATION
HEART
DIGESTION
ADRENAL
GLANDS

17. Cognition and Emotion
The brain’s shortcut for emotions

18. Arousal and Performance
Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks
Compare to motivation

19. Physiological Differences
Physical responses, like finger temperature and movement of facial muscles, change during fear, rage, and joy.
OBJECTIVE 5| Describe some physiological and brain pattern indicators of specific emotions.
More dopamine receptors:
nucleus accumbens
The amygdala shows differences in activation during the emotions of anger and rage. Activity of the left hemisphere (happy) is different from the right (depressed) for emotions.

20. Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking?
Cognition and Emotion
What is the connection between how we think (cognition) and how we feel (emotion)?
Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking?

21. Cognition Can Define Emotion
An arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event.
OBJECTIVE 6| Explain how spillover effect influences our experience of emotion.
AP Photo/ Nati Harnik
Reuters/ Corbis
Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which may lead to rioting.

22. Cognition and Emotion The brain’s shortcut for emotions
Sensory input may be routed directly to the amygdala (via the thalamus) for an instant emotional reaction or to the cortex for analysis

23. Emotion: Lie Detectors
Polygraph
machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies
measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion
perspiration
cardiovascular
breathing changes

24. Emotion--A Polygraph Examination

25. Emotion— Lie Detectors
Control Question
Aim to make anyone nervous (baseline)
Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone?
Relevant Question
Did [the deceased] threaten to harm you in any way?
Relevant response greater than control response  Lie

26. Emotion-- Lie Detectors
Control
question
Relevant
(a)
(b)
Respiration
Perspiration
Heart rate

27. Emotion-- Lie Detectors
Percentage
Innocent
people
Guilty 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Judged innocent by polygraph
Judged guilty by polygraph
50 Innocents
50 Theives
1/3 of innocent declared guilty
1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)

28. Emotion-- Lie Detectors
Lab
Emotion-- Lie Detectors
Is 70% accuracy good?
Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty
test all employees
285 will be wrongly accused
What about 95% accuracy?
Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty
test all employees (including 999 innocents)
50 wrongly declared guilty
1 of 51 testing positive are guilty

29. Expressed Emotion How do we decipher people’s emotions?
body language
tone of voice
facial expressions
Are these behaviors culture, gender bound?
How good are we in detecting true or false emotions?

30. Nonverbal Communication
People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one

31. Nonverbal Communication
We read fear and anger mostly from eyes, happiness from the mouth
Experience influences how we perceive emotions
physically abused children are quicker to pick out the angry face than non abused children
At what point does the person morph into fear?

32. Gender Differences
Women generally surpass men at reading people’s emotional cue
Spotting lies
Greater emotional literacy
Greater emotional responsiveness to positive and negative situations
More empathic…more likely to express empathy

33. Expressed Emotion: Gender Differences
Gender and expressiveness
Men
Women
Sad Happy Scary
Film Type 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
Number of
expressions

34. UNIVERSAL FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
Definition
number of specific inherited facial patterns or expressions that signal inherited facial patterns or expressions that show specific feelings or emotional states, such as a smile signaling a happy state
Number of expressions (seven)
Cross culture
Anger, sadness
Happiness, fear
Surprise, disgust
Contempt

35. Which smile is feigned, which is natural?
Detecting Emotions
Facial muscles reveal signs of emotion.
Difficult to detect expression of deceit
Absence of verbal or emotional cues makes detection difficult
Which smile is feigned, which is natural?
How can you tell?

36. Expressed Emotion
Culturally universal expressions

37. Emotions are Adaptive
Darwin speculated that our ancestors communicated with facial expressions in the absence of language. Nonverbal facial expressions led to our ancestor’s survival.
Charles Darwin ( )

38. Analyzing Emotion
Analysis of emotions are carried on different levels.

39. Feedback Hypotheses Facial feedback hypothesis
Expressions amplify our emotions by activating muscles associated with specific states
If we smile, we’ll feel happier
Behavior feedback hypothesis
If we move our body as we would when expressing some emotion we are likely to feel that emotion to some degree
Shuffling feet with downcast eyes feel sad

40. Experienced Emotion Infants’ naturally occurring emotions Joy Anger
Interest
Disgust
Surprise
Sadness
Fear

41. People generally divide emotions into
Dimensions of Emotion
People generally divide emotions into
two dimensions.

42. THE END

43. Experienced Emotions: Fear
We learn specific fears through conditioning and observational learning
Biologically prepared to learn certain fears but not others
Snakes, spiders, heights  Self preservation  shared with prehistoric ancestors
Fast driving, bombs, electricity  not conditioned in “genetic” makeup  future generations??

44. Experienced Emotion
The Amygdala--a neural key to fear learning

45. Experienced Emotion: Anger
Frustrations, insults…evoke anger
Catharsis
emotional release
catharsis hypothesis
“releasing”, or venting, aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
Temporary relief  may actually amplify anger
Reconciliation better than retaliation in reducing anger and its symptoms

46. Experienced Emotions: Happiness
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
More helpful to strangers, give money and time

47. Subjective Well-Being
Experienced Emotion
Subjective Well-Being
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life
used along with measures of objective well-being
physical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life

48. Experienced Emotion
Moods across the day

49. Experienced Emotion
Changing materialism

50. Experienced Emotion Does money buy happiness? Average per-person
Year
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10% 0%
Average
per-person
after-tax income
in 1995 dollars
Percentage
describing
themselves as
very happy
$20,000
$19,000
$18,000
$17,000
$16,000
$15,000
$14,000
$13,000
$12,000
$11,000
$10,000
$9,000
$8,000
$7,000
$6,000
$5,000
$4,000
Percentage very happy
Personal income

51. Experienced Emotion Values and life satisfaction Importance scores
Money
Love
Life satisfaction
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
Importance
scores

52. Experienced Emotion Adaptation-Level Phenomenon Relative Deprivation
tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level
brightness of lights
volume of sound
level of income
defined by our prior experience
Current level of happiness/satisfaction after awhile may not be enough
May want to increase level so strive to do something a little more challenging (tied in with motivation)
Relative Deprivation
perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

53. Happiness is... However, Happiness Seems Not Much
Researchers Have Found That
Happy People Tend to
Have high self-esteem
(in individualistic countries)
Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable
Have close friendships or a satisfying
marriage
Have work and leisure that engage
their skills
Have a meaningful religious faith
Sleep well and exercise
However, Happiness Seems Not Much
Related to Other Factors, Such as
Age
Gender (women are more often
depressed, but also more often joyful)
Education levels
Parenthood (having children or not)
Physical attractiveness