1. College of Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry
Fiji National University
College of Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry
SAC 302
Lecture 10
Types of Cropping System

2. Sustainable Agriculture
Protects soil fertility
Optimizes management & resources
Reduces the use of nonrenewable resources
Promotes opportunities in family farming
Achieves integration of natural biological cycles & controls

3. What is it Farming system approach envisages the integration of agroforestry, horticulture, dairy , sheep and goat rearing, fishery, poultry, pigeon , biogas, mushroom, sericulture and by-product utilization of crops with the main goal of increasing the income and standard of living of small and marginal farmers.

4. Role of Farming System :Food security Provide balanced food Quality food basket High productivity and enhanced farm income Effective recycling of resources Minimizing environmental pollution Employment generation
What is Food security: Food security is defined as the balanced food supply and effective demand for food.

5. Ensuring food security to the individual wards off the gender- based intra-household discrimination .
Thus food security needs to be redefined as “livelihood security for the household and all members within, which ensures both physical and economic asses to balanced diet, safe drinking water, environmental sanitation, primary education and basic health care.

6. Farming system approach
What is it Farming system approach envisages the integration of agroforestry, horticulture, dairy , sheep and goat rearing, fishery, poultry, pigeon , biogas, mushroom, sericulture and by-product utilization of crops with the main goal of increasing the income and standard of living of small and marginal farmers.

7. Farming System Approach
Example : Agriculture has challenge of providing national as well as household food and nutritional security to its teeming millions  in a scenario of plateauing genetic potential in all major crops.  declining productivity in vast tracts of rain fed/ dry land areas constituting approximately 44.2% of net cultivated area.

8. Wide-spread occurrence of ill-effects of green revolution technologies in all intensively cultivated areas is threatening the sustainability of the important agricultural production systems and national food security..

9.  The human population of India has increased to 1210.
2million at a growth rate of 1.76 per cent in 2011 and is estimated to increase further to 1530 million by 2030.
On the other hand our national food grain production for past3-4 years is hovering around 234 million tones.

10. There are projections that demand for food grains would increase from 234 million tonnes to 345 million tonnes in 2030.
The average size of the landholding has declined to 1.21 ha during from 2.30 ha in

11. Declining size of landholdings without any alternative income augmenting opportunity is resulting in fall of farm income and causing agrarian distress.

12. To meet the multiple objectives of poverty reduction , food security, competitiveness and sustainability , several researchers have recommended the farming systems approach to research and development.

14. Mono cropping, is the planting of only one crop in a piece of land year after year.
Intercropping
Row intercropinpg - growing two or more crops at the same time with at least one crop planted in rows. 
Strip intercropping - growing two or more crops together in strips wide enough to permit separate crop production using machines but close enough for the crops to interact.
 Relay intercropping - planting a second crop into a standing crop at a time when the standing crop is at its reproductive stage but before harvesting

15. When two or more crops are grown together, each must have adequate space to maximize cooperation and minimize competition between the crops.
To accomplish this, four things must be considered:
spatial arrangement,
2) plant density,
3) maturity dates of the crops, and 4) plant architecture

16. INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM
At present, the farmers concentrate mainly on crop production which is subjected to a high degree of uncertainty in income and employment to the farmers.
In this contest, it is imperative (very important) to evolve (develop) suitable strategy for augmenting ( to increase ) the income of a farm.
Integration of various agricultural enterprises viz., cropping, animal husbandry, fishery, forestry etc. have great potentialities in the agricultural economy.
These enterprises not only supplement the income of the farmers but also help in increasing the family labour employment.

17. 1.The integrated farming system approach introduces a change in the farming techniques for maximum  production in the cropping pattern and takes care of optimal utilization of resources.
2.The farm wastes are better recycled for productive purposes in the integrated system.
3.A judicious mix of agricultural enterprises like dairy, poultry, piggery, fishery, sericulture etc. suited to the given agro-climatic conditions and socio-economic status of the farmers would bring prosperity in the farming.

23. What is the Integrated Farm System Model

25. Crop/Livestock farming intergrated

26. Towards local resources-based integrated crop- livestock systems
The present livestock production systems in most industrialized countries are in direct competition with human needs.
Livestock presently consume almost 50% of world cereal grain supplies.

27. In the “intensive” large-scale production systems (Sansoucy 1998), increasingly promoted by corporate agriculture, livestock wastes contaminate soil and water resources, create less than favourable working conditions for the personnel involved in feeding and cleaning, and decrease employment opportunities.
To meet food needs in 2050, it is necessary to develop livestock production systems, which do not depend on cereal grain.

28. In developing countries in the tropics, instead of grain-based livestock systems, alternative production systems must be developed which make optimal use of locally available resources, solar energy, soils, water and people for multiple end purposes.

29. The challenge is to capture the sun’s energy in systems of production and utilization which at the same time will contribute to alleviation of poverty, creation of jobs, a more equitable life-style, protection of the environment and increased biodiversity.
Close integration of livestock in the farming system, with recycling of all excreta, will be the basis of an agriculture which can be highly productive and also sustainable (Figure 1).

31. Nutrient Flows through Livestock Operations

33. “Farming system” designates a set of agricultural activities organized while preserving land productivity, environmental quality and maintaining desirable level of biological diversity and ecological stability. (Lal and Millar 1990.

34. Farming system consist of several enterprises like Cropping system, Dairying, Piggery, Poultry, Fishery, Bee keeping etc.
These enterprises are interrelated.
The end product and wastes of one enterprise are used as inputs in others IABM Bikaner 11/21/2013 3

35. Factors to be considered
The following factors have to be considered while selecting IFS in rain fed areas. Soil types, rainfall and its distribution and length of growing season are the major factors that decide the selection of suitable annual crops, trees and livestock components. The needs and resource base of the farmers also decides the selection of IFS components in any farm.

36. Conclusion
Integrated farming system seems to be the answer to the problems of increasing food production , for increasing income and for improving nutrition of the small scale farmers with limited resources without any adverse effect on environment and agro- eco-system (IABM Bikaner 11/21/ )