1. TOPIC I Introduction. What Are Things Made Of and How Do They Change?

2. 3. Apply knowledge of laboratory safety.
1. Explain why chemistry is central to all of the sciences. Describe different branches of chemistry.
2. Name and explain the use of basic lab equipment for chemistry. Review measurement skills using lab equipment.
3. Apply knowledge of laboratory safety.
Copyright © Engage Learning. All rights reserved

3. 1.1 Defining Chemistry
1.2 Differents areas of Chemistry
1.3 Laboratory safety
1.4 Basic Lab equipments
1.5 Measurements

4. What is Chemistry? Why is important to study Chemistry
How some creatures can survive deep in the ocean where there is no light? Why some foods taste sweet and some biter?
Copyright © Engage Learning. All rights reserved

5. Peer review and Repeatability of findings.
Natural science
Concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena, based on observational and empirical evidence.
Aurora,
United States Air Force photo by Senior Airman Joshua Strang.
6 days-peach decomposition
Andrew Dunn, 
Peer review and Repeatability of findings.
Try to ensure the validity of scientific advances.
Copyright © Engage Learning. All rights reserved

6. Chemistry is central to all of the sciences.
Before
Natural sciences
Physical sciences
(non living things)
Biological Sciences
(living things)
CHEMISTRY
Now
All matter consist of chemical structures
Therefore
No divisions between bilogical and phisical sciences

7. Concept: Matter: All things that has mass and occupies space. Study of
CHEMISTRY
Matter: All things that has mass and occupies space.
Concept:
Study of
the composition,
structure,
and properties of
matter,
the process that matter undergo,
and the energy changes
that accompany these process.
% of C
Melting point

8. How do chemists answer the above questions?
Chemistry deals with:
What is a material’s make up?
(compostion, structure)
How does a material change when heated, cooled or mixed with other materials?
(properties)
Why does this behavior occur?
(process and energy involved)
How do chemists answer the above questions?

9. Chemistry greatly impacts our daily lives.
Improvement of health care.
Conservation of natural resources.
Protection of the environment.
Provision of our daily needs for food, clothing, etc.

10. Chemistry greatly impacts our daily lives.
Authenticating Art
Art Conservation

11. Six main branches of Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Biochemistry
Theoretical Chemistry
These branches often overlap

12. The study of most carbon-containig compounds.
Organic Chemistry
The study of most carbon-containig compounds.

13. Inorganic Chemistry
The study of non-organic substances, many of which have organic fragments bonded to metals (organometallics).
Ethyl alcohol boiling at 78°C
Physical property: boiling point is associated with a phase change. It describes an inherent characteristic of alcohol.
Hardness of a diamond.
Physical property: describes an inherent characteristic of diamond – hardness.
Sugar fermenting to form ethyl alcohol.
Chemical property: describes behavior of sugar – forming a new substance (ethyl alcohol) through a chemical reaction.

14. Physical Chemistry
The study of the properties and changes of matter and their relation to energy.
Analytical Chemistry
The identification of the components and composition of materials.
Biochemistry
The study of substances and processes ocurring in living things.

15. Why to study chemistry?
Should you use hot water or cold water to remove a grase stain from a shirt?
How could you prepare for a career in nursering, firefighting, or journalisim?
If your local goverment wanted to build a solid waste incinerator in your town, what questions would you ask about the project?

16. Three general reason to study chemistry.
1. Explaining the natural world
Cut apple turning brown.
Water expands as it freeze.

17. Three general reason to study chemistry.
2. Preparing people for career oportunities.
Many carrers require the knowledge of chemistry.
Interviewing Chemists
Keeping grass healthy
Which chemicals to use to fight different types of fire.

18. Three general reason to study chemistry.
3. Producing informed citizens.
Would be better spent money on space exploration or cancer research?
Through voting, citizen have a say in the decision their government make. Ex: How much money to provide for scientific research.
Knowledge of Chemistry and other sciences can help you evaluate the data presented, arrive at an informed opinion and take appropriate actions.

19. Chemistry, Technology and Society
1. Basic Research
It is carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge.
Ex: How and why a specific reaction occurs and what the properties of a substance are.
Plunkett´s research team determined the nonstick properties, molecules structure and chemical composition of the new material.
Teflon -- Roy J Plunkett - Scientific Discovery
Plunkett´s research team determined the nonstick properties, molecular structure and chemical composition of the new material

20. Chemistry, Technology and Society
2. Applied Research
It is carried out to solve a specific problem.
Ex: To develop new environment-friendly refrigerants.
Plunkett´s research team determined the nonstick properties, molecular structure and chemical composition of the new material

21. Chemistry, Technology and Society
3. Technological Development
Involves the production and use of products that improve our quality of life.
Ex: Computers, biomaterials, energy sources
Chemical structure
Basic and Applied reserach
Reflection properties
Technological development
Building network
Optical fiber

22. Observations and measurements
Instruments make it possible to:
Look at nanostructures (extremely tiny structures)
Analyze the arrangement of atoms
and molecules.
(X Ray diffraction patterns)
Scanning Electron Microscopy, Copyright © 2016 The University of Alabama

23. Observations and measurements
Wheigh micromasses
Measure low quantities
1 g = 10-6 g
According to "Biomonitoring of Mercury Exposure with Single Human Hair Strand“, 1 cm of hair has an average mass of 54 g.

24. Chemicals
In all areas of chemistry scientists work with chemicals.
Chemical is any substance that has a definite composition.
Ex: Sucrose or cane sugar
It has a definite composition (atoms that compose it).
It is produced by certain plants in the photosintesis.

25. C12H22O11 Chemicals Ex: Sucrose or cane sugar
It has a definite composition (atoms that compose it).
C12H22O11
It is produced by certain plants in the photosintesis.
Sorghum
Date palm
C12H22O11

26. Knowing the properties of chemicals is important. Why?
Allow chemists to find suitable uses, example:
Artificial sweeteners and synthetic fibers
Saccharin
Aspartame

27. Name six branches of study in chemistry.
Concept Check
What is Chemistry?
The study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes that matter undergoes.
Name six branches of study in chemistry.
Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Biochemistry, Theoretical Chemistry.
1 (burning of wood)
What is meant by the word chemical, as used by scientists?
A substance that has a definite composition.
Copyright © Engage Learning. All rights reserved

28. Why is Lab safety important?
Consequences of Unsafe Labs
Damaged or destroyed equipment
Destroyed research notes
Delayed research schedule
Unavailability of teaching or research space
Regulatory fines
Environmental damage
Extensive cleanup costs
Personal injury
Death
A poor public image of the school
Copyright © Engage Learning. All rights reserved

29. Why is Lab safety important?
Consequences of Unsafe Labs
Damaged or destroyed equipment
Destroyed research notes
Delayed research schedule
Unavailability of teaching or research space
Regulatory fines
Environmental damage
Extensive cleanup costs
Personal injury
Death
A poor public image of the school
Copyright © Engage Learning. All rights reserved

30. Important rules:
Know the primary and secondary exit routes from the classroom.
Know the location of and how to use the safety equipment in the classroom.
Work at your assigned seat unless obtaining equipment and chemicals.
Do not handle equipment or chemicals without the teacher’s permission.
Follow laboratory procedures as explained and do not perform unauthorized experiments.
Copyright © Engage Learning. All rights reserved

31. Rules:
Work as quietly as possible and cooperate with your lab partner.
Wear appropriate clothing, proper footwear, and eye protection.
Report to the teachers all accidents and possible hazards.
Remove all unnecessary materials from the work area and completely clean up the work area after the experiment.
Always make safety your first consideration in the laboratory.
Copyright © Engage Learning. All rights reserved

32. Rules: No Food or Drink in the Lab!
No Backpacks or Purses at Lab Tables
Copyright © Engage Learning. All rights reserved

33. Labels
Copyright © Engage Learning. All rights reserved

34. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
An MSDS lists:
Product Identity
Hazardous Ingredients
Physical Data
Fire & Explosion Hazard Data
Reactivity Data
Health Hazard Data
Precautions for Safe Handling & Use
Control Measures
Copyright © Engage Learning. All rights reserved

35. Eye Safety
Wear safety goggles when working with chemicals, flames, or heating devices.

36. Eye Safety
In case of emergency in which a chemical goes into one’s eye, use the eyewash station.
Flush in water for 15 mins. and notify the teacher.

37. Proper Attire Foot wear that completely covers the foot is required
Foot wear that completely covers the foot is required
Keep all long hair tied back
Do not wear loose cclothing that could catch on fire.

38. Hand Safety
If a chemical spills on your skin, notify the teacher and rinse with water for 15 minutes
Wash hands after every lab
Handle glassware, sharp tools and heated containers carefully.

39. Sharp Objects Always cut away from fingers and body.
Sharp Objects
Always cut away from fingers and body.
Always carry sharp objects with points and tips facing down and away.
Never try to catch falling sharp instruments.
Grasp sharp instruments only by the handles.
When using knifes or other sharp objects always walk with the points

40. Notify teacher if you get cut.
Sharp Objects
Notify teacher if you get cut.
Broken glass and sharp objects do not go in trash cans.
Teacher will clean up broken glass.

41. Electrical Safety
Only electrical plugs are to be placed into an electrical outlet.
Unplug electrical equipment after use.
Keep all electrical cords, wires, and appliances away from water

42. Handle all equipment carefully.
Physical Safety
Handle all equipment carefully.
Do not place a cord where someone can trip over it.
Push all stools in out of the way.

43. Heating Safety Never heat in a closed container
Tie back hair and loose clothes
when working with open flames.
Never look into a container as
you are heating it.
Never point the end of a test tube being heated at yourself or others.
Never heat in a closed container

44. Heating Safety Never leave a heat source unattended.
Heated metal and glass looks cool, use tongs or gloves before handling.
Do not place hot glassware directly on
lab desk or in cold water.

45. Chemical Safety
Read all labels twice before removing a chemical from the container
Only use the type and amount of chemical instructed to use.
Never touch, taste, or smell a chemical unless instructed by the teacher.
Never mix chemicals unless instructed to do so.

46. Chemical Safety Transfer chemicals carefully!
Keep lids on chemical containers when not in use.
Consider all chemicals dangerous.

47. Safety Contract

48. Reagent Bottle
Used for holding acids or caustic chemicals

49. Funnel
Used when pouring liquid into a small container

50. Graduated Cylinder
Used to measure liquids

51. Test Tube
Used to hold and test small amounts of chemicals.

52. Test Tube Rack
Holds test tubes

53. Petri Dish
Used for culturing microorganisms and holding specimens

54. Thermometer
Measures Temperature

55. Beaker
Used for rough measuring and pouring of liquids

56. Erlenmeyer Flask
Used for holding, mixing and heating liquids, reduces evaporation of liquids and can be corked.

57. Ring Stand
Apparatus used to hold a container above a Bunsen burner

58. Used to support a container on a ring stand
Wire Gauze
Used to support a container on a ring stand

59. Used for grinding chemicals
Mortar and Pestle
Used for grinding chemicals

60. Bunsen Burner
Used for heating

61. (also called test tube tongs) Used to hold test tubes
Test Tube Holder
(also called test tube tongs) Used to hold test tubes

62. Dropper
Used for adding small amounts of liquid

63. Used for holding a crucible
Crucible Tongs
Used for holding a crucible

64. Beaker Tongs
Used to handle beakers

65. Pipette
Used to add small amounts of liquid

66. Balance (Triple Beam Balance)

67. Crucible
Used when melting materials at very high temperatures

68. Used for igniting flammables
Wood Splints
Used for igniting flammables

69. Used when evaporating a solution
Evaporating Dish
Used when evaporating a solution

70. Hot Plate
Used to heat materials