1. Respiratory System Objectives:
identify and describe the major structures and functions of the respiratory system
recognize, define, spell, and pronounce terms related to the pathology and diagnostic and treatment procedures of the respiratory system

2. Key Word Parts Atel/o Bronch/o Pleur/o Pneum/o Cyan/o -pnea -ectasis
Laryng/o
Ox/o
Pharyng/o
Phon/o
Pleur/o
Pneum/o
-pnea
Pulmon/o
Tachy-
-thorax; thorac/o
Trache/o

3. Key Word Parts Atel/o – incomplete, imperfect
Bronch/o/i – bronchial tube, bronchus
Cyan/o – blue
-ectasis – stretching, dialation, enlargement; (ectasia)
Laryng/o – larynx, throat

4. Key Word Parts Ox/o/i/y - oxygen Pharyng/o – pharynx, throat
Phon/o – sound, voice (-phonia)
Pleur/o – pleura, side of body
Pneum/o – lung, air (pneumon/o)

5. Key Word Parts -pnea – breathing Pulm/o – lung (pulmon/o)
Tachy- - fast, rapid
thora/o – chest (thorac/o; thorax)
Trache/o/i – trachea, windpipe

6. Functions
Bring oxygen-rich air into the body for delivery to the blood cells
Expel waste products (CO2 and H2O) that have been returned to the lungs by the blood
Produce the air flow through the larynx that makes speech possible

7. Structures/Function: Upper respiratory tract
Nose:
Septum – divides nose left/right
Mucous membrane – specialized lining
Cilia – hairlike projections to remove foreign matter
Olfactory receptors – smell sensors

8. Structures/Function: Upper respiratory tract
Sinuses:
frontal – in the frontal bone above the eyebrows
sphenoid (sfee-noid) – in the sphenoid bone, are close to the optic nerves.
ethmoid – in the ethmoid bone separated from the orbital cavity by thin layer of bone
maxillary – in the maxillary bone below the orbital cavities

9. Structures/Function: Upper respiratory tract
Pharynx:
nasopharynx – posterior to the nasal cavity and into the oral cavity
oropharanyx – visible when looking into the mouth
laryngopharynx – below the mouth to the openings of the esophagus and trachea
epiglottis – lid-like structure that swings downward closing of the laryngopharynx so food does not enter the trachea

10. Structures: Upper respiratory tract
Larynx – voice box; between the pharynx and the trachea
series of 9 separate cartilages with the largest being the thyroid cartilage (adams apple)
Trachea – windpipe; extends from the neck into the chest directly in front of the esophagus

15. Structures: Lower respiratory tract
Bronchi – windpipe; main branches off of the trachea (left and right)
Bronchiole – continued subdivision of the bronchi into the smallest forms
Alveoli – air sacs; small grape-like clusters that allow gase exchange with capillaries

16. Structures: Lower respiratory tract
Lungs – two lobes or divisions
right lung – has three lobes: superior, middle, and inferior
left lung – has two lobes: superior and inferior
Mediastinum – interpleural space; between the lungs; contains the thoracic viscera (heart,esophagus, trachea, bronchi, thymus)
Diaphragm – muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities; muscle that makes breathing possible

19. Respiration - external
The exchange of gases within the lungs and the external environment
Inhalation – act of taking in air
diaphragm contract and pull downward
expansion produces a vacuum
Exhalation – act of breathing out air
diaphragm relaxes
forces air out of lungs
respiration equals one inhalation and one expiration

20. Respiration - internal
The exchange of gases within the cells of the body organs and tissues

21. Specialties Otolaryngologist
physician specializing in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the ears, nose and throat (otorhinolaryngologist)
Pulmonologist
physician specializing in the lungs and associated tissues
Respiratory therapist and therapy technician

22. Pathology – Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)
COPD – general term used to describe a group of repiratory conditions characterized by chronic airflow limitations
Asthma (az-mah) – chronic allergic disorder
severe breathing difficulty
coughing
wheezing

23. Pathology – Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)
Bronchiectasis – chronic dilation of bronchi or bronchioles
Emphysema (em-fih-see-mah) – progressive loss of lung function due to decrease in number of functional alveoli
Smoker’s repiratory syndrome (SRS) –
cough, wheezing, vocal hoarseness, pharyngitis, dyspnea, infection susceptibility

24. Pathology – Upper respiratory diseases
Allergic rhinitis – allergy; allergic reaction to airborne allergens causing increased mucus flow
Croup (kroop) – barking cough in infants and children
Diphtheria (dif-thee-ree-ah) – uri caused by diphtheria bacteria
Epistaxis (ep-ih-stack-sis) - nosebleed

25. Pathology – Upper respiratory diseases
Influenza – flu; highly contagious viral infection; common during colder months
Pertussis (per-tuss-is) – whooping cough; contagious bacterial infection
Rhinorrhea – runny nose;
Sinusitis – inflammation of the sinuses
URI and acute nasopharangitis – common cold

26. Pathology – Pharynx/Larynx
Pharyngitis (far-in-jigh-tis) – sore throat; inflammation of the pharynx
Pharyngorrhagia – bleeding from the pharynx
Pharyngorrhea – discharge of mucus from the pharynx
Laryngoplegia – paralysis of the larynx
Laryngospasm – sudden closure of larynx

27. Pathology – Pharynx/Larynx
Voice disorders
Aphonia – loss of ability to produce speech
Dysphonia – difficulty speaking; any voice impairment; includes hoarseness, weakness
Laryngitis – inflammation of larynx; commonly used to describe loss of voice caused by inflammation

28. Pathology – Trachea/Bronchi
Tracheitis – inflammatio of the trachea
Tracheorrhagia – bleeding from the trachea
Bronchitis – inflammation of bronchial walls; usually caused by infection; smoking

29. Pathology – Trachea/Bronchi
Bronchorrhagia – bleeding from the bronchi
Bronchorrhea – excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi

30. Pathology – Pleural Cavity
Pleurisy (ploor-ih-see) – inflammation of the visceral and parietal pleura in the thoracic cavity
Pleuralgia – pain in the pleura
Pneumothorax – accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space causing lung to collapse

31. Pathology – Pleural Cavity
Pleural effusion – abnormal escape of fluid into the pleural cavity that prevents lung from expanding
Empyema (em-pye-ee-mah) – pyothorax; accumulation of pus in pleural cavity
Hemothorax – accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity
Hemoptysis (hee-mop-tih-sis) – blood stained sputum from the lungs/bronchi

32. Pathology – Lungs
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) – type of lung failure resulting from pulmonary edema; causes: shock, infection, pneumonia, burns, injuries
Pulmonary edema – accumulation of fluid in the lungs
Pneumorrhagia – bleeding from the lungs
Atelectasis (at-ee-lek-tah-sis) – collapsed lung from bronchiole blockage

33. Pathology – Lungs
Tuberculosis – lung infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pneumonia – inflammation of lungs in which air sacs fill will liquid/pus.
Bacterial
Viral
Lobar
Broncho
Double
Aspiration
Mycoplasma – walking
Pneumocystis carinii

34. Pathology – Lungs
Pneumoconiosis – condition caused by dust in the lungs after years of contact
antracosis – black lung disease; coal dust
asbestosis – asbestos particles
byssinosis – brown lung disease; cotton,flax or hemp dust
silicosis – grinder’s disease; silica or glass dust

35. Pathology – Lungs
Pulmonary fibrosis – scar tissue replacing alveolar walls
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) – unknown fibrotic cause
Cystic fibrosis (CF) – genetic disorder where lungs are clogged with large quantities of mucus

36. Pathology – Breathing Disorders
Eupnea (youp-nee-yah) – easy or normal breathing; eu means good
Tachypnea – rapid respiration; above 20
Bradypnea – slow respiration; below 10
Apnea – absence of spontaneous respiration
Sleep apnea syndromes (SAS) – deadly if loss of breath causes decrease oxygen levels

37. Pathology – Breathing Disorders
Cheyne-Stokes (CSR) – pattern of alternating hyperpnea, hypopnea and apnea
Dyspnea – difficult or labored breathing
Hyperpnea – abnormal increase
Hypopnea – shallow or slow breathing
Hyperventilation – increased breathing resulting in decreased CO2 cell levels

38. Pathology – Lack of Oxygen
Airway obstruction – food or foreign object blocks airway preventing breathing
Anoxia – absence of oxygen from inspired gases; 4-6 min. may cause brain damage
Asphyxia – pathologic changes caused by lack of oxygen
Asphyxiation – suffocation; interruption of breathing

39. Pathology – Lack of Oxygen
Cyanosis – bluish discoloration of skin from lack of oxygen
Hypoxia – subnormal oxygen levels in the cells
Respiratory failure – dangerously low oxygen or high carbon dioxide levels
Sudden infant death syndrome

40. Pathology – Lack of Oxygen
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) –
crib death
sudden and unexplainable death of apparently healthy infant
between 2 weeks and 1 year
occurs while sleeping on stomach
prior to 2 weeks
subluxation of C1

41. Diagnostic Procedures
Respiratory rate – normal bpm
Pulmonary function tests – measure capacity and ability
Phlegm – sputum used for diagnosis
Bronchoscopy – visual exam of bronchi

42. Diagnostic Procedures
Laryngoscopy – visual exam of layrnx
Spirometry – records volume of air and length of time
Tuberculin skin testing (TFT) – skin injection will show hardness within two to three days
Chest imaging – x-rays; shows pneumonia, tumors pneumothorax, pleural effusion, tuberculosis and emphysema

43. Treatment - Medications
Bronchoconstrictor – narrows the passages into the lungs
Bronchodilator – expands the passages into the lungs

44. Treatment – Nose & Throat
Septoplasty – septum surgical reconstruction
Sinusotomy – surgical incision into a sinus
Pharyngoplasty – pharyngx surgical repair
Pharyngotomy – surgical incision into the pharynx

45. Treatment – Nose & Throat
Laryngectomy – removal of the larynx
Laryngoplasty – surgical larynx repair
Endotracheal intubation – passage of tube through nose/mouth into trachea to establish airway

46. Treatment – Trachea & Bronchi
Tracheoplasty – surgical trachea repair
Tracheorrhaphy – suturing the trachea
Tracheotomy – emergency procedure; incision made into the trachea
Tracheostomy – creating an opening for placement of a tube

47. Treatment – Lungs/Pleura/Thorax
Pneumonectomy – removal of all/part of lung
Lobectomy – removal of a lobe of lung
Pleurectomy – removal of part of pleura
Thoracentesis – chest puncture with needle to obtain fluid

48. Treatment – Lungs/Pleura/Thorax
Thoracotomy – surgical incision into chest wall
Thoracostomy – surgical creation of an opening into the chest