1. FIRST AID & EMERGENCIES
LESSON 1: Providing First Aid

2. Universal Precautions
What are specific things an individual can do to protect themselves from spreading or contracting an infectious agent when providing first aid?
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
Wear protective gloves when there is a possibility of touching blood or other body fluids
Using a mouth piece or other protective ventilation devices for breathing emergencies
Washing your hands before and after providing first aid
Removing contaminated gloves

3. Responding To An Emergency
Recognize an an emergency
Common indicators of an emergency include…
Unusual sights, sounds, odors and behaviors
Check, Call, Care
CHECK to see the scene is safe
If you are hurt providing care, who will take care of you or call 911?
How many victims are there?
DO NOT MOVE VICTIM!!! Only if their life is threatened.
CALL for help
Answer all of dispatcher’s questions.
Do not hang up until the dispatcher does.
If possible, have someone else make the call so you can stay w/ victim.
CARE for the victim
If conscious, get victim’s permission before giving first aid.
Always address life-threatening emergencies first
If victim may be unconscious, tap them on shoulders and ask, “ARE YOU OK?”
CHECK, CALL, CARE

4. Types of Injuries What are some common injuries that occur @ home?
Open wounds
Abrasion;A skin is scraped, dirt & bacteria can easily enter wound, important to clean to prevent infection.
Laceration; cut caused by sharp object (knife or broken glass). All lacerations are accompanied by bleeding. Infection may occur.
Puncture; small but deep hole caused by pin, nail, fang or other object that pierces skin. Carry high risk of infection, including tetanus.
Avulsion; tissue is partially or completely separated from the body. If body part is disconnected from body (finger) pack on ice or ice water to preserve tissue.

5. First Aid For Bleeding CONTROLLING BLEEDING
What precautions should you take before assisting someone w/ an open wound?
Always put on protective gloves when possible.
Wash a minor wound w/ mild soap & running water to remove dirt & debris.
DO NOT attempt to clean a severe injury such as an avulsion.
TO CONTROL BLEEDING…
Cover wound w/ sterile gauze or a clean cloth & press firmly.
If possible, elevate wound above level of heart.
Cover the gauze or cloth dressing w/ sterile bandage.
If necessary, cover dressing w/ a pressure bandage or pressure point bleeding control.
Call for help or have someone else do so.
CONTROLLING BLEEDING

6. Pressure Bandage How to Apply a Pressure Bandage
Place dressing over wound
Secure the roller bandage over the dressing
Using overlapping turns, cover the dressing completely
Secure the roller bandage by splitting its end into two & tie the split ends.
Make sure the bandage is not so tight as to cut off circulation.

7. Treatment of Burns First - Degree Burns
Only outer layer of skin is burn & turns red.
Cool burn w/ cold running water or immersing in cold water (NOT ICE) for 10 minutes.
Pat area dry & cover w/ a sterile bandage.
Commonly caused by sunburn, scalds (hot water) or electrical shocks.
Second - Degree Burns
Top several layers of skin are damaged. Skin will have blisters and appear blotchy.
Cool the burn w/ cold water (NOT ICE) & elevate burned area.
Wrap area loosely w/ a sterile, dry dressing.
DO NOT POP BLISTERS OR PEEL LOOSE SKIN!!!
Commonly caused by direct exposure to fire or flame and same causes as 1st degree burns.
Third - Degree Burns
Deeper layers of skin & possibly fat, muscle, nerves & bone are damaged.
Call for medical help immediately!
Cool burn w/ large amount of cold water (NOT ICE) & cover area w/ a dry sterile dressing.

9. FIRST AID & EMERGENCIES
LESSON 2: CPR & First AID for Shock & Choking

10. Life - Threatening Emergencies
If victim is unresponsive, you must begin immediately the chain of survival.
If victim is adult, you can begin first two links in chain…
Call 911
Begin CPR
If trained, use of AED.
Responding to Cardiac Arrest

11. ABCs of Adult CPR Airway
Look inside victim’s mouth. Remove anything you see blocking the airway (finger sweep).
If you don’t suspect head or neck injuries…
Lay person flat on firm surface
Gently tilt head back by lifting chin w/ one hand while pushing down on forehead
If you suspect head or neck injuries, do not move victim. Open airway by lifting jaw instead.
Breathing
Look, listen & feel for breaking
Look for chest movement, listen at mouth for breathing, feel for exhaled air on cheek.
If victim is not breathing normally, begin rescue breathing…
Keep victim’s head in proper position, pinch nostrils shut
Place mouth over victim’s mouth, forming a seal. Give 2 slow breaths (2 sec. long)
Chest should rise w/ each breath.

12. ABCs of CPR Adult CPR Cycles Circulation
Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or movement).
If no signs of circulation, a person trained in CPR should begin chest compressions.
Adult CPR Cycles
Position hands
Find a spot on lower half of victim’s breastbone, right between nipples.
Place heel of one hand on that point & interlock finger.
Do not allow fingers to rest on victim’s ribs.
Begin chest compressions & rescue breathing
Shoulders directly above arms & hands.
Lock elbows & press straight down & quickly & rate of 100 compressions per minute.
Allow chest to spring back up between compressions.
30:2 ratio of compressions to breaths.
Complete 4 cycles, then check for pulse.

13. First Aid for Shock
Anything that reduces blood flow throughout the body, limiting the amount of oxygen can result in shock.
Common causes include…
Losing a large volume of flue from bleeding, diarrhea or vomiting.
Common symptoms include…
Restlessness or irritability
Altered consciousness
Nausea
Pale or ashen appearance
Cool, moist skin
Rapid breathing or pulse
Call 911.
Control any external bleeding.
Elevate legs about 12 inches, unless head or back injury or broken bones involving legs or hips.
Never give victim something to eat or drink (may cause vomiting. Treating Shock

14. First Aid for Choking Recognize signs of choking
Grasping throat (universal sign for choking).
Coughing weakly, make high-pitched sounds or turn blue in face.
If someone appears to be choking, but can cough forcefully or speak, DO NOT ATTEMPT FIRST AID.
Ask victim FIRST if they are choking “Are you choking?”
If victim is an adult or child, use abdominal thrusts (quick inward & upward thrusts into diaphragm)
Stand behind victim, make fist w/ one hand, grasp it w/ other hand.
If you begin to choke while you are alone, use your own fist and hand or pressing abdomen forcefully against back of chair.
For infants…
Hold baby face down on forearm, support head & neck w/ hand.
W/ heal of hand, give infant five blows between shoulder blades.
If object not dislodged, turn infant over & perform 5 chest thrusts.

15. DO NOW
Why should you never give a shock victim anything to eat or drink?
What is the universal sign for choking?
Why is it important to check the airway before beginning CPR?
What is the difference in the strategy for responding to a choking adult w/ the strategy for responding to a choking infant?

16. FIRST AID & EMERGENCIES
LESSON 3: Responding to Common Emergencies

17. Muscle, Joint & Bone Injuries
Muscle Cramps
Sudden & painful tightening of a muscle.
Can occur when physically active rest.
Common causes include…
Overuse of a muscle
Dehydration
Holding a position for a prolonged period of time
Inadequate blood supply
If a muscle cramp occurs…
Stretch out the affected muscle
Massage the cramped muscle firmly
Apply moist heat to the area
Get medical help if cramp persists

18. Muscle, Joint & Bone Injuries
Strains & Sprains
Strain = injury to muscle (slight sudden & unexpected muscle tear).
Sprain = injury to ligament
Common causes of strains…
Not warming up properly before physical activity
Poor flexibility
Poor conditioning
Overexertion or fatigue
Strains can occur when…
You slip or lose your footing
Jump, run or throw something
Lifting something heavy or while in an awkward position

19. Muscle, Joint & Bone Injuries
Common causes of sprains….
Landing on an outstretched arm or foot
Twisting knee with foot planted
Treatment for Strains & Sprains is the R.I.C.E. Procedure
REST: Avoid any movements & activities that cause pain. Do not use affected muscle or joint.
ICE: Helps reduce swelling & pain. Hold ice on affected area for 20 minutes, remove for 20 minutes, then repeat. Repeat every waking 3 hours for 72 hours.
COMPRESSION: Light pressure from elastic wrap or bandage. Helps reduce swelling. Should be firm, but not uncomfortable. Skin should not change color.
ELEVATION: Raise affected limb above level of heart to reduce swelling & pain

20. Muscle, Joint & Bone Injuries
Fractures & Dislocations
Fracture = break in bone
Dislocation = separation of bone from joint
Keep victim still, call 911.
Immobilize area w/ splint to body.

21. Unconsciousness Fainting
Occurs when blood supply to brain is temporarily inadequate.
Loss of consciousness usually brief.
Treat as a medical emergency.
Treatment includes…
If YOU feel faint, lie down or sit down & place head between knees.
If someone else faints, position person on their back w/ legs elevated 8-12 inches above heart, unless head or neck injury is suspected.
DO NOT PLACE PILLOW UNDER NECK! Can block airflow.
Sponge face w water. DO NOT SPLASH WATER ON FACE! Can cause choking.
Loosen tight clothing.
If person vomits, quickly place them in recovery position.

22. Recovery Position Safest placement because airway is protected.
Only place in recovery position if no spinal or head injury is suspected.
Helps unconscious person breathe & allows fluids (blood & vomit) to drain.
Recovery Position Steps

23. Concussion When the brain strikes the inside of the skull.
If victim is unconscious…
Do not move the victim if you suspect a head injury or concussion.
Check person’s airway, breathing & circulation.
Call for medical help.
If victim is conscious…
Have the victim lie down.
Use first aid for any bleeding.
Concussion in Sports

24. Object in the Eye DO NOT RUB EYE!!!
Pull downward to expose eye, look upward, & blink several times.
May allow liquid in eye to flush out object.
If blinking does not work…
Wash hands before trying to locate object.
Pull lower eyelid down while looking up.
If object can be seen, lightly touch it w/ moistened cotton swab or corner of clean cloth.
Can also flush eye w/ sterile saline solution or tap water.
Tilt person’s head to side so affected eye is lower.
Hold eye open w/ one hand & pour steady stream of cool water into eye.
DO NOT REMOVE CONTACT LENSES BEFORE FLUSHING THE EYE.