1. What makes us smart? Or not so smart?
Intelligence
What makes us smart?
Or not so smart?

2. Introduction to Intelligence Reading Quiz
Intelligence is a socially constructed concept. This means that different cultures
tend to view as intelligent those traits that enable success in their own way of life.
A 6-year-old child has a mental age of 9. the child's IQ is
150
The existence of ________________ reinforces the generally accepted notion that intelligence is a multidimensional quality.
savant syndrome

3. is a single overall ability.
The concept of a g factor implies that intelligence:
is a single overall ability.
Gerardeen has superb social skills, manages conflicts well, and has great empathy for her friends and co-workers. Peter Salovey and John Mayer would probably say that Gerardeen possesses a high degree of :
emotional intelligence.

4. Intelligence
The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
According to this definition, are both Albert Einstein and Babe Ruth intelligent?

5. Theories of Intelligence
Remember Fluid versus Crystallized Intelligence?
4 main theoretical concepts of intelligence….

6. 1.) Charles Spearman and his G factor
Used Factor Analysis (A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test) and discovered that what we see as many different skills is actually one “General Intelligence.”
If you are good at one subject you are usually good at many others.
Jack Bauer is good at torturing, bomb defusing, shooting, figuring out evil plots and saving the country (and he is good looking). Is there anything he cannot do?

7. 2.) Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner disagreed with Spearman’s idea of general intelligence and instead came up with the concept of multiple intelligences.
He came up with the idea by studying people with savant syndrome (a condition where a person has limited mental ability but is exceptional in one area).

8. Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences
Gardner believes that there exists at least 8 different types of intelligences.
Linguistic
Logical-mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Body-kinesthetic
Intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Naturalist

9. 3.) Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Most commonly accepted theory today.
Three types of intelligence:
Analytical - academic problem solving.
Creative - generating novel ideas.
Practical - required for everyday tasks where multiple solutions exist.

10. 4.) Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
First called social intelligence.
The ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions.
Some studies show EQ to be a greater predictor for future success than IQ.

11. Creativity The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
There seems to be NO relationship between IQ and creativity.
Components of Creativity:
Expertise.
Imaginative thinking skills.
Venturesome personality.
Intrinsic motivation.
A creative environment.
Damage to the frontal lobes can destroy imagination.

12. Brain Size and Intelligence Is there a link?
Small +.15 correlation between head size and intelligence scores (relative to body size).
Using an MRI we found +.44 correlation with brain size and IQ score.

13. Brain Function and Intelligence
Higher performing brains are less active than lower performing brains (use less glucose).
But there is a positive correlation with neurological speed.

14. Assessing Intelligence Reading Quiz
Standardization refers to the process of:
determining the accuracy with which a test measures what it is supposed to.
defining meaningful scores relative to a representative pretested group.
determining the consistency of test scores obtained by retesting people.
measuring the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict.
Before about age ______, intelligence tests generally do not predict future sores 1 4 5 10 15

15. C. score higher on intelligence tests several years later
The bell-shaped distribution of intelligence scores in the general population is called a:
A. g distribution
B. standardization curve
C. bimodal distribution
D. normal distribution
Studies of 2- to 7-month-old babies showed that babies who quickly become bored with a picture:
A. often develop learning disabilities later on
B. score lower on infant intelligence tests.
C. score higher on intelligence tests several years later
D. score very low on intelligence tests several years later

16. Which of the following is not a requirement of a good test
A. reliability
B. standardization
C. reification
D. validity
E. criterion

17. How do we Assess Intelligence?
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon set out to figure out a concept called a mental age (what a person of a particular age should know). They did this by measuring their reasoning skills.
They discovered that by discovering someone’s mental age they can predict future performance.
They were hoping to identify children likely to have difficulty in school.

18. I.Q. (Intelligence Quotient)
Lewis Terman (Stanford University) used Binet’s research to construct the modern day I.Q. test called the Stanford-Binet Test.
I.Q. is a measure of intelligence that is obtained by comparing mental age (MA) as determined by testing, with chronological age (CA).
German psychologist William Stern derived the famous formula for I.Q.

19. Stern’s I.Q. Formula IQ=Mental age diveded by Chronological age X 100.
A 8 year old girl has a mental age of 11, what is her IQ?
138
A 12 year old boy has the mental age of 9, what is his IQ? 75
A boy has the mental age of 10 and a chronological age of 10 what is his IQ?
100
IQ=Mental age diveded by Chronological age X 100.

20. Problems with the IQ Formula
It does not really work well on adults, why?
If a 60 year old man…
does as well as an average 30 year old,
then his IQ would be 50!!!!!!
That makes no sense!!!!!

21. Wechsler Intelligence Tests
David Wechsler designed a test to measure “real world” intelligence, not just verbal skills. Most widely used test today.
Consists of 11 subtests; gives an overall IQ score and scores for the subtest areas (i.e. verbal, performance).
WAIS (for adults).
WISC (for children).

22. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (sub-scores and subtests)

25. The Flynn Effect

26. How do we construct an IQ Test?
Standardization.
Reliability.
Validity.

27. Standardization
The test must be pre-tested to a representative sample of people and…
Form a normal distribution or bell curve.

28. Reliability
The extent which a test yields consistent results over time.
Spilt halves or test–retest method.

29. Validity
The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
Content Validity: does the test sample a behavior of interest?
Predictive Validity: does the test predict future behavior. (Criterion related validity = the strength of the correlation).

30. Types of Tests Aptitude Achievement Measure ability or potential.
Tests that measure what you have learned.

31. Does Intelligence Change Over Time?
By age 4, a child’s IQ can predict adolescent IQ scores.
After age 7, IQ scores stabilize and the consistency of the scores increase with the age of the child.
Does Intelligence Change Over Time?

32. Extremes of Intelligence

33. Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence
Which of the following is not true?
In math grades, the average girl typically equals or surpasses the average boy.
The gender gap in math and science scores is increasing.
Women are better than men at detecting emotions.
Males score higher than females on tests of spatial abilities.

34. Most psychologists believe that racial gaps in test scores:
have been exaggerated when they are, in fact, insignificant.
indicate that intelligence is in large measure inherited.
are in large measure caused by environmental factors.
are increasing.

35. The IQ scores of identical twins raised separately are very similar.
Which of the following provides the strongest evidence of the role of heredity in determining intelligence?
The IQ scores of identical twins raised separately are very similar.
The intelligence scores of fraternal twins are more similar than those of ordinary siblings.
The intelligence scores of identical twins raised together are more similar than those of identical twins raised apart.
The intelligence scores of adopted children show relatively weak correlations with scores of adoptive as well as biological parents.

36. environmental factors.
Reported racial gaps in average intelligence scores are most likely attributable to:
the use of biased tests of intelligence.
the use of unreliable tests of intelligence.
genetic factors.
environmental factors.

37. Research on the effectiveness of Head Start suggests that enrichment programs:
produce permanent gains in intelligence scores
improve school readiness and may provide a small boost to emotional intelligence.
Improve intelligence scores but not school readiness.
produce temporary gains in intelligence scores.

38. Superior Intelligence
Marilyn vos Savant recorded one of the highest IQs ever. At 7 years of age she was answering questions like a typical 13 year old.
People with superior intelligence tend to be healthier, more successful and have higher self esteem than the general population.
Superior intelligence = 130+
Genius = 140+

39. Intellectual Disability
A condition of limited mental ability; not able to perform at a level appropriate for their age (indicated by below a 70 IQ).
Can be caused by physical defects (injury, disease and genetic defects) that affect brain growth and development.
Environmental factors such as nutrition, poor health, drug abuse and lack of stimulation can also contribute to intellectual disability.

40. Intellectual Disability
Classifications of Intellectual Disability:
Mild
Moderate
Severe
Under 20 Profound
People with IQ scores around 70 can hold jobs with assistance, but as you move down towards severe and profound, the physical defects are more severe.

41. Is Intelligence Inherited?
Most psychologists believe intelligence is 50% inherited.
Other factors: education, social class, environment, nutrition and stimulation (especially at an early age).

42. Figure 9.13 Studies of IQ similarity

43. Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores
As a group, white Americans tend to have an average IQ test score about 8 to 15 points higher than their Hispanic or African-American counterparts.
Evidence suggests environmental differences are largely responsible for the IQ differences in ethnic groups.
Asian students outperform North American students on math achievement and aptitude tests.

44. Gender Similarities and Differences
Females Are Good At:
Verbal ability: girls excel at reading, spelling, and writing.
Recognizing emotions.
Spatial memory: females tend to have better memory for spatial locations of objects.
Males Are Good At:
Around age 11 boys start to excel in higher levels of math.
And also spatial skills (like reading a road map). Prenatal testosterone may be a factor.

45. Stereotype Threat
The tendency to perform worse when conscious of being in a group stereotyped as performing poorly.
Equally capable women will perform worse than men on math tests if they believe that women aren’t good in math.
This same phenomenon has been found with African Americans when testing with whites or Asians.

46. Test Bias Some tests do discriminate.
But this is primarily due to different cultural experiences.
2 Tests designed to illustrate cultural bias:
Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity (B.I.T.C.H. Test)
Dove Counterbalance I.Q.Test (Chitlings Test)