2. the gendered tariff
Democrats: tariff weakens the autonomy of the white male farmer and consumer; emasculates him
Republicans: tariff enables male wage earner to support his wife, who then can protect the domestic hearth

3. Grover Cleveland: home-wrecker?
Above: political cartoon: “Another voice for Cleveland”; right: soon to be First Lady Francis Folsom

4. Alliance St. Louis platform, 1889
Abolition of national banks
Substitution of money issued by the U.S. Treasury
Government ownership of railroads and telegraph
Progressive taxation
The sub-treasury plan

5. Election of 1892 Populists elected three governors Five U.S. Senators
Populist presidential candidate gets 1,041,000 votes
8.5 percent of the total vote
Grover Cleveland (D) defeats Harrison (R) by 300,000

6. “You are kept apart that you may be separately fleeced of your earnings.” – Tom Watson to black and white farmers

7. Free silver!
Add silver to the Gold Standard
Adopted by William Jennings Bryan

8. Interstate Commerce Act, 1887
Shipping rates have to be "reasonable and just"
Rates must be published
Secret rebates outlawed
Price discrimination against small markets illegal.

9. Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 1890
Trusts “in restraint of trade or commerce” made illegal
Punishable by fines of up to 10 million dollars
Individuals who “conspire to monopolize” guilty of a felony
Attorney General empowered to enforce the law

10. The Loophole: U.S. vs. E.C. Knight Company, 1895
E.C. Knight produced 98 percent of refined sugar in U.S.
But Supreme Court declared it wasn’t violating Sherman act because it was involved in manufacturing, not trade
Nyah nyah nyah . . .

11. Depression of 1890s
Worst economic collapse in United States history

12. Homestead Strike, 1892 – battle of the Monangahela River

14. In 1893, as in 1873, financial troubles with the transatlantic railroads cause massive bank failures, prompting an already weak consumer economy to collapse.

15. The Chicago Columbian Exposition of 1893

16. Coxey’s Army, 1893

17. Above: the town of Pullman; right: a sleeping car

18. The Pullman Strike, 1894
Above: Eugene Debs and George Pullman

19. Jane Addams,
Hull House, Chicago

20. “You shall not crucify mankind on a cross of Gold
“You shall not crucify mankind on a cross of Gold.” - William Jennings Bryan, 1896

21. Bryan’s 1896 political program
A graduated Federal income tax
Direct election of United States Senators
Greater regulation of the railroads, telegraph, and monopolies to protect consumers
Lower tariffs to protect consumers
Backing the dollar with silver as well as gold for a more flexible currency

22. Mark Hanna: Mastermind of the McKinley campaign of 1896

23. Showdown for the People’s Party, St. Louis: 1896
“Fusionists” want to ally with Democrats using free silver issue, and endorse William Jennings Bryan
But many Alliance supporters want to stick to issues like the sub-treasury plan
As a compromise, Populists endorse Bryan, with Tom Watson as their Vice Presidential candidate

24. Frank L. Baum, Wizard of Oz, 1900
Dorothy = average American citizen
Scarecrow = farmer
Tin-Woodman = factory worker
Lion = William Jennings Bryan
Mark Hanna = The wizard of OUNCE (aka .OZ)

26. Left: the Bradley Martin Ball of 1897; right: Cornelia Bradley; bottom right: children in New York City circa 1890.