1. ** Answer the following questions in your notebooks, reading the textbook from Chapter 10, Section Four (pages 384 at “Populism’s Declining Influence” to the end of section):
(1) What was the “major idea” the Populist Party and eventually William Jennings Bryan supported?
(2) What did the “Progressives” support, which were originally ideas supported by the Populist Party?

2. “The West & The Gilded Age”
1870
1890
1900
Important things to understand about this era in U.S. History:
** Time of Individualism
Legislation developing the West: Homestead Act, Land Grant Act, Pacific Railway Act
1870’s and 1880’s - Settling the Plains
1860’s and 1870’s - Wars between U.S. Government and Lakota / Dakota / Nakota / Cheyenne
1870’s to 1890’s - American Politics / an Age of Corruption & the Political Urban Machine
1890’s - Rise of Populism

3. - Unrest in Rural America … - Deflation … - The Money Supply …
- The Crime of ‘73 … [Coinage Act of 1873]
- How this especially hurts farmers …
- The Great Deflation, 1870 to 1890 …

4. Economic Benefits
Citizens increasingly became wage earners instead of farmers
GNP per capita more than doubled

5. - Farmers Organize … - The Grange … - Cooperatives … and Exchanges …
- The Farmer’s Alliance & The Subtreasury Plan …

6. Party & Populism … - Populist The free coinage of silver
- Populist Party …
- The Populist Party supported the following …
The free coinage of silver
Regulation of railroads
Women suffrage
Direct election of Senators
National banking system
Graduated Income tax
Immigration restrictions

7. Homestead Act - Free land - Federal government land for settling the Plains
- Legislation passed during the Civil War which led to the rapid settling of the Great Plains as it only required individuals to pay a $10 registration fee to file a claim for 160 acres, and after improving the land for five years, they received legal title to the land.

8. Homestead Act - Free land - Federal government land for settling the Plains
10% of the American West given away
25% of homesteaders were women and former slaves (African Americans)

9. - Morrill Land Grant College Act of 1862
Free land - Federal government land to states to for establishing colleges.

10. Settling the West – Railroads
Pacific Railway Act of 1862
Free land – Federal government land to companies for every mile of track built.
Land Grants
Competition between the Union Pacific and Central Pacific encouraged

11. Transcontinental Railroad (1869)
** Completed in 1869 at Promontory Summit, Utah
** Reduced travel time from 6 months to 6 days

12. Great Sioux Reservation of 1868

13. Fort Laramie Treaty, 1868 established …
[1] Established the Great Sioux Reservation of 1868
[2] Shuts down military forts & travel along Bozeman Trail
[3] Rights in Unceded Territory
[4] Established a mission, school, annuities, tools for farming, etc.
[5] Army will secure Black Hills

14. Custer Expedition of 1874 Purpose:
To find location of appropriate military base.
Scout location of future railroads.
Confirm presence of gold (Panic of 1873).

15. Custer Expedition, 1874:
Initial discovery – Gold was first discovered along French Creek near present-day Custer, SD by the Custer Expedition
Why was the expedition atypical?
Illegal Settlements – Eventually … when settlers arrive to the Black Hills, most of these communities, including Deadwood, Custer, Hill City, and Rapid City, were established by 1876, making them illegal settlements

16. Settling the West – Mining in the Black Hills
** Write down the following:
Prospectors arrived to the Black Hills, “90% of them, poor, broke and walking, and they left poor, broke and walking” …
More than 400 “ghost towns” established

17. Black Hills Gold Rush,
General Crook & U.S. Army kicks out settlers to the Black Hills.
1875, Negotiations for the Black Hills break down …
1875, President Grant does not enforce securing Black Hills.

18. Black Hills Gold Rush,
Sustaining the Gold Rush: Deadwood and Whitewood Creeks in the northern Black Hills …
“… each spade of earth revealed a veritable fortune in gold.”
The discovery of the northern deposits …
The establishment at Deadwood …

19. Settling the West – Mining
“Boom and bust cycles”
Vigilance committees
** Importance of mining to establishment of the American West …
Boomtowns
Ghost towns

20. “Changing Lives Upon the Great Plains”
How many buffalo were killed each day (1860’s & 1870’s)?
8,000 daily
Within the historical period of 1860 to 1900, the United States accomplished the closing of the frontier through the Federal Government policies of …
Homestead Act (1862) and Pacific Railway Act (1862)

21. Settling the West Dry farming methods … Impact … Seed drills …
Steel plow …
Mechanical reaper …
Windmills …
Threshing machines …
Mechanical
binder …
Impact …
Threshing machine
Seed drill
Steel plow
Reaper

22. “Oceti Sakowin”: The People of the Seven Council Fires
“Tiospaye”
- Lakota or “Sioux” term for “extended family”
“Oyate”
- “The people” or “The nation”
“Mitakuye Oyasin”
“All are related” or “All my relations”

23. Great Sioux Reservation of 1868
By Jan. 31, 1876: All Lakotas ordered to report to Agency head-quarters …
“Custer Minute Men …”

24. Battle of the Little Bighorn, July 25-26, 1876
(1) What was the situation?
(2) What was the Seventh Cavalry’s objective or mission?
(3) What relevant tactics were utilized?
(4) What happened during the battle?
(5) Where did the Seventh Cavalry go wrong?

25. Battle of the Little Bighorn, July 25-26, 1876

26. Black Hills Cession of 1877
Events of 1876 led to animosity between U.S. government and Lakota Nation (Battle of the Little Bighorn).

27. - What are the major consequences of the Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876) concerning its effects upon the history of South Dakota?
(1) U.S. stops negotiating for the Black Hills.
(2) In response, in 1876 U.S. Government stops annuity and food payments at Pine Ridge and Rosebud Agencies, the “surrender or starve” policy.
(3) U.S. Government passes the “Black Hills Cession.”

28. - Why the Black Hills Cession of 1877 was later considered illegal by the U.S. Supreme Court in U.S. Government vs. Sioux Nation (1980) …
The Black Hills Cession violated the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868:
(1) The number of Lakota males that agreed to give up the Black Hills never reached the ¾ requirement.
(2) The U.S. Government cut-off food and annuity payments to Lakota people or the the “surrender or starve” policy.

29. “A more ripe and rank case of dishonorable dealing will never, in all probability, be found in our history, [with] the duplicity of President Grant in breaching the Government’s obligations to keep trespassers out of the Black Hills and the pattern of duress practiced by the Government of starving the Sioux to get them to agree to the sale of the Black Hills.” - U.S. Claims Court, 1985

30. Assimilation
* Assimilation – to be “absorbed into American society”; more adequately means being forced to adopt the dominant, American culture.
(1860 – 1870’s) American Indian Boarding Schools
(1883) Court of Indian Offenses
(1887) Dawes Act

31. Assimilation
Boarding Schools – Based upon the theory of “Kill the Indian, Save the Man”
Cultural genocide
Forbidden to speak Native languages & practice traditional practices
The “Outing” program …

32. * (1883) Court of Indian Offenses
Assimilation
* (1883) Court of Indian Offenses
Makes Native American spirituality, rituals, and customs illegal
* (1887) - Dawes Act – communal tribal lands divided into 160 acre allotments per family
Two cows and yoke of oxen
Farm tools
$20 cash
Seed for five acres for two years

33. Great Sioux Reservation of 1868

34. Sioux Act of 1889 – Creates six much smaller reservations in Western South Dakota with break-up of Great Sioux Reservation, including today’s …
Pine Ridge
Rosebud
Cheyenne River
Standing Rock
Allotment of lands
Excess lands opened for homesteading
Loss of 9 million acres of land

35. Massacre at Wounded Knee, Dec. 29, 1890
Under leadership of Big Foot, Minneconjou camp
Traveling to Pine Ridge
200, possibly as many as 300 to 350 killed
More or less unarmed