1. You must learn this for your GCSE
Year 10 - The Maths Knowledge – Summer 2
Quadratic graphs
Quadratic Formula
𝑥= −𝑏± 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐 2𝑎
Where ax²+bx + c=0
You must learn this for your GCSE
Exponential Graphs
Reciprocal graphs
Cubic graphs (polynomials)
Equations of straight lines
y=mx + c
Where m = gradient, c= y-intercept
Gradient (m) = 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Parallel lines have the same gradient.
Perpendicular lines meet at right angles
To find the gradient of a perpendicular line
Flip the fraction upside down
Multiply by -1

2. 9. Making Materials (triple only) 10. The Haber Process (triple only)
Angle Properties
Year 10 – The Knowledge – Science – Chemistry – Summer 2
9. Making Materials (triple only)
10. The Haber Process (triple only)
Clay ceramics (e.g. pottery and bricks)
1) Shaping wet clay
2) Bake a starting material in a hot oven/kiln/furnace
*Hard and tough
*Can be glazed and then are waterproof
Glass
(most commonly soda-lime glass)
Made by heating sand, sodium carbonate and limestone together.
(less commonly borosilicate glass)
Made from sand and boron trioxide
Melts at higher temperatures than soda-lime glass. Doesn’t expand/contract with changes in temperature so less likely to shatter.
Plastics
Ethene can be polymerised to make low density or high density polyethene.
Low Density polyethene:
The polymer chains have side branches that prevent the mlecules from lining up regularly forming a crystalline structure
-> Low density
-> Weaker forces of attraction between molecules
-> Less strong
-> Lower melting point
High Density Polyethene
No side branches so molecules line up to give a crystalline structure.
-> High density
-> Strong forces of attraction between molecules
-> Strong
-> High melting point
By controlling the amount of branching -> control crystallinity -> change properties of the polymer.
Thermosoftening polymers – soften when seated and can be shaped when hot.
NO crosslinks between polymer
chains. Chains can slide over each
other so flexible!
Thermosetting polymers – don’t soften when heated so cannot be reshaped.
Crosslinks between polymer chains so NOT flexible.wsxz
The Haber Process is important because it allows us to make Ammonia (NH3). This is used in:
*fertilisers *nylon (in clothes).
*explosives *dyes
*household cleaners
Nitrogen + Hydrogen Ammonia
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) NH3 (g)
Reaction conditions
*High temperature (450⁰C)
*High pressure (200 atmospheres)
*Iron catalyst
Sources of reactants
*Hydrogen can be extracted from cracking oil or from reacting methane with steam.
*Nitrogen is obtained by burning hydrogen in air. Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water, leaving nitrogen behind.
Obtaining end product
Substances are cooled, the ammonia liquefies and is removed. The remaining hydrogen and nitrogen are recycled.
NPK Fertilisers
Fertilisers that contain compounds of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium.
Ammonia -> ammonium salts & nitric acid
Potassium chloride, potassium sulphate and phosphate rock are mined & used.
Phosphate Rock (needs to be processed before use)
Phosphate rock + nitric acid -> phosphoric acid + calcium nitrate
Then phosphoric acid + ammonia -> ammonium sulphate
(b) Phosphate rock + sulphuric acid -> Calcium sulphate + calcium phosphate
Property
HDPE
LDPE
Branches on polymer molecules
Many
Few
Relative strength
Weak
Strong
Maximum useable temperature
85°C
120°C

3. Year 10 – The Knowledge – Science – Chemistry – Summer 2
Angle Properties
Year 10 – The Knowledge – Science – Chemistry – Summer 2
1. The Early Atmosphere
3. Air Pollution
4. The Earth’s Resources
5. Water
CO2
H2O
Le Cha
Combustion of fuels -> atmospheric pollution
Humans use the Earth’s resources to provide:
*Warmth
*Shelter
*Food
*Transport
Agriculture/ synthetic products can be used to replace/ supplement natural products e.g. synthetic rubber, nylon, timber.
Potable water:
Water that is safe to drink (NOT pure water)
Made by either:
Ground water:
1) filtering
2) sterilising (UV, chlorine, ozone)
Salt water:
desalination (distillation or reverse osmosis)
Waste water
Created from industry, sewage and agriculture.
Sewage & Agricultural: remove organic matter & harmful microbes
Industrial: remove organic matter and harmful chemicals.
Process:
Screening & grit removal
Sedimentation (sewage sludge & effluent)
Aerobic digestion of sludge
Aerobic biological treatment of effluent
The Early Atmosphere
(4.6 billion years ago)
*Lots of carbon dioxide *Lots of water vapour
Small amounts of nitrogen, methane and ammonia
- All produced by volcanoes
The Changing Atmosphere
(2-3 million years ago)
Decrease in the amount of CO2 due to:
Algae and plants photosynthesising
Dissolving in oceans
Trapped in sedimentary rocks
Decrease in amount of water vapour
Condensed to form the oceans.
Increase in N2
Released by bacteria from decaying plants
From volcanoes
Increase in O2
Released by photosynthesising plants & algae
Current atmosphere
(2 billion years to present day)
80% nitrogen 20% oxygen <1% carbon dioxide N2
Carbon dioxide
Water vapour
Carbon monoxide
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Soot (unburnt hydrocarbons)
Complete combustion
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water
Incomplete combustion:
Hydrocarbon + oxygen -> Carbon monoxide + carbon (soot) + water
Carbon monoxide = colourless, odourless, toxic. Joins with haemoglobin so oxygen can’t.
Soot (aka ‘particulates’/carbon) = solid particles that block sunlight and cause global dimming.
7. Life Cycle Analysis
Making SO2
- If fuels containing sulphur are burnt, the sulphur joins with oxygen to form SO2. This leads to acid rain (damages limestone, waxy layer on leaves, makes water acidic so uninhabitable for aquatic species.)
Le Cha
Making Nitrogen Oxides
- At the high temperature found in car engines, nitrogen and oxygen can bond forming nitrogen monoxide which combines with oxygen outside the car forming nitrogen dioxide. This also leads to acid rain.
LCA is used to assess the environmental impact of a product:
Extracting/processing raw materials
Manufacturing and packing
Use and operation
Disposal (inc. transport & distribution)
Objective elements:
- Use of water, resources & energy sources, production of waste.
Subjective elements:
Allocating numerical values to pollutant effects N2 O2
CO2
2.The Greenhouse effect
Greenhouse gases – gases that absorb outgoing infra-red radiation from Earth making the atmosphere hotter.
Methane, CO2, water vapour
1) Shortwave radiation (UV & light) passes through the atmosphere
2) Some is absorbed by the Earth’s surface, some is reflected as longwave infrared.
3) Greenhouse gases absorb the longwave infrared radiation causing the atmosphere to heat up.
Lots of human activities increase the amount of greenhouse gases:
CO2: Burning fossil fuels, deforestation
Water vapour: burning hydrocarbon fuels (small amount)
Methane: Rice paddy fields, cattle, coal mines
There is a correlation between concentration of CO2 and global temperature BUT many factors might impact on this so hard to be conclusive!
6. Extracting Carbon
If the global temperature increases:
Rise in sea level -> floods, coastal erosion
Increased storms
Changes in rainfall
More heatwaves
More droughts
Changes to species numbers
Food shortages
Carbon is useful because:
Good conductor of heat and electricity
Easily bent
Unreactive so doesn’t corrode with water
Extracting copper from copper rich ores:
1) Smelting (heating copper-rich ore with carbon), then electrolysis
2) Electrolysis of copper salts
3) Displacement using scrap iron
Copper rich ores are RUNNING OUT so we can use low-grade ores (more environmentally friendly than mining).
4) Phytomining – uses plants to absorb copper
5) Bioleaching – uses bacteria to extract metals
8. Reduce, reuse, recycle
Reduce:
Use less plastic/metal/glass
Reuse:
Glass can be crushed and then made into a different type of glass product.
Recycle:
Metals can be melted & recast into a different product. Plastic and paper can also be recycled into new products.
Le Cha
Our Carbon Footprint:
Total amount of greenhouse gases emitted during a full life cycle.
Includes production, use and disposal (for products)
To do this:
Use renewable energies
Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS)
Carbon taxing
Carbon off-setting
Carbon neutral products

5. A worldwide denomination that includes the Church of England
Year 10 - RE Knowledge – Summer 2
Agape
Christian love
Anglican
A worldwide denomination that includes the Church of England
Apostles Creed
A statement of belief from the Early Church
Ascension
Jesus being taken up to heaven on the 40th day after Easter
Atonement
The action of making amends for wrong doing. Being at one with god
Baptism
Ceremony to welcome a person into the Christian religion
Believer’s baptism
Ceremony to welcome young person/adult into Christian religion using full immersion
Catechism of Catholic Church
A summary of Roman catholic teaching
CAFOD
A charity, Catholic agency for Overseas development
Christian aid
A charity working in the developing world, providing long term and emergency aid
Church army
An evangelistic organisation founded within the church of England
Church of England
Protestant church set up by Henry V111-church of state in England, rejects papal authority
Confirmati on
Initiation ceremony carried out by a bishop bestowing the gift of the holy spirit
Corrymeela
Christian community in N.Ireland, promoting peace and tolerance
Crucifixion
Capital punishment used by Romans, nailing someone to a cross to kill them
Ecumenical
Relating to worldwide Christian church
Eucharist/M ass/ Holy communion
Christian ceremony to recall the last supper, bread and wine consecrated and consumed
Evangelism
Preaching of the faith in order to convert people to that religion
Food banks
Charity groups collecting donated food to distribute to the poor in Britain
Fundamenta list
Christians who take the Bible literally e.g. word for word true
Genocide
The deliberate and indiscriminate killing of a group of people
Grace
Unconditional love that God shows to people who do not deserve it
Gospel
Names of the books about the life of Jesus, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John
Holy land
Land of Israel
Infant baptism
Ceremony to welcome a child into the Christian religion
Incarnation
God in human form
Iona
Island in Scotland, used as a religious retreat
Liturgical worship
Church service with a set structure of worship
Lord’s prayer
The prayer Jesus taught his disciples to show them how to pray
Lourdes
Town in France where the Virgin Mary appeared, place of pilgrimage
Messiah
Anointed one who is seen as saviour by Christians
Methodist
Protestant Christian group
TEMPLATE

6. Organised effort to spread the Christian message Nicene Creed
Year 10 – RE Knowledge – Summer 2
Miracles
Events that have no scientific explanation, performed by Jesus in the gospels
Mission
Organised effort to spread the Christian message
Nicene Creed
A statement of belief used in Christian services
Non-liturgical worship
Informal structure found in some Church services
Omnipotent
Idea that God is all powerful
Oneness of God
The idea that God is ‘one’
Ordination
The process by which someone becomes a priest
Orthodox church
A branch of the Christian church
Penitence
To feel regret for ones sins
Protestant
Branch of the Christian church that broke away from the Roman Catholic church
Quakers
Society of Friends Christian group
Reconciliation
The process of making people in conflict friendly again
Resurrection
The physical return of Jesus on the third day after he died
Roman catholic
The largest Christian group, based in Rome, Pope as its leader
Rosary
Set of beads used to count prayers especially in the Roman Catholic Church
Sacrament
Outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace
Salvation
Saving of the soul from sin
Sanhedrin
The ruling council of the Jews in Israel
Secular
Relating to worldly as opposed to religious things
St Paul
A man who taught the teachings of Jesus- originally Saul of Tarsus before his conversion
Street Pastors
Christian organisation of people working on the city streets at night caring for people who need help or involved in anti- social behaviour
Tearfund
Christian charity working to relieve poverty in developing countries
Transubstantiat ion
Change in the bread and wine to become the body and blood of Christ
Trinity
Belief in God the father, God the son and God the holy spirit
TEMPLATE

7. Music from Greece Music from Palestine Music from Israel
Year 10 - The Music Knowledge – Summer 2
AoS 3: Rhythms from the World
Music from Greece
Folk Dances
Music that is written to be danced to (traditional music)
Mode or Modal
Like a scale (pattern of notes) but not major or minor. Almost all Greek music is based on a mode – so we describe it as ‘modal’
Rebetiko
Music that is based on social or political issues – music of the working class
Syrtos
A Greek Dance in 4/4 time. Quavers divided into pattern
Kalamatianos
The most popular Greek Dance. In 7/8 time divided into pattern
Zeibekiko
An improvised solo dance (for one person). In 9/8 time divided into pattern
Music from Palestine
Mode or Modal
Like a scale (pattern of notes) but not major or minor. All Palestinian music is based on a mode – so we describe it as ‘modal’
Microtonal
The very small distances between notes in a scale (not like Western music)
Maqam or Maqamat
The scale that Palestinian Music is based on
Improvisation
Used a lot in Palestinian Music. Performers making things up as they go along
Ornaments
Small ‘decoations’ like trills and pitch bends added to the music
Monophonic Texture
Just one instrument playing on its own
Melisma
When vocals slide between notes or sing lots of notes to ‘ah’
Doumbek
The drum that plays the main rhythm. You can use different strokes to produce different sounds and tones.
Dabke
A popular Palestinian Dance when the dancers link arms and dance in a line or circle
Music from Israel
Influences
Jewish people brought musical influences from Europe, Africa, Middle East, South America, Asia and America
Horah
A dance performed in a circle for celebrations.
Klezmer
Type of folk music popular in Israel. Usually includes: Clarinet, violin, double bass, guitar, accordion and percussion
Syncopated Rhythms
Of-beat rhythms, great for dancing
Homophonic Texture
Often used in Israeli music; melody (tune) and accompaniment
Mode or Modal
Like a scale (pattern of notes) but not major or minor. Most Israeli music is based on a mode – so we describe it as ‘modal’
Bouzouki: Plucked string instrument
Doumbek: Percussion instrument.
Lyra: Bowed string instrument
Doumbek: Percussion instrument.
Tambourine: Percussion instrument with bells
Toubeleki: Percussion instrument. You can create different tones by hitting the middle or the edge
Zither: Flat, string instrument. Plucked or strummed
Floyera: Wooden Flute
Mijwiz: A 2-piped flute. Sounds like a clarienet
Oud: Plucked string instrument

8. Year 10 - The Art Knowledge – Summer 2
The Formal Elements
Line
A mark made by a moving point on a surface.
 Tone
The different qualities of darkness and light.
Shape
The outline of an object.
Colour
Different Hues formed by light refracting on surfaces.
Pattern
A repeated decorative design.
Texture
The feeling of a surface e.g. rough/smooth.
Form
The three dimensional quality of an object.
Critical Analysis
A way of analysing artwork that includes six key areas.
Context
Why and when the artwork was made.
Content
The symbols, materials and images used in the work.
Process
How the work was made.
Mood
How the work makes you feel.
How the formal elements have been used in the work.
Evaluation
Your opinion/ judgement of the work.
GCSE Art Assessment objectives
 AO1 ‘Develop’ can be shown by…
Researching the and writing about the work of other artists and designers.
AO2 ‘Refine’ can be shown by…
Improving your work
Experimenting with different materials and techniques
AO3 ‘Record’ can be shown by…
Taking high quality photographs
Annotating your work
Making high quality drawings, sculptures and paintings.
AO4 ‘Present’ can be shown by…
Creating a high quality final piece that links to your preparatory work
Print Making Tools and Materials
Lino
A material that you cut into to create a relief print.
Printing Ink
A thick water based ink used for printing
Ink Roller
A small roller used to apply the ink to the Lino
Plate
A sheet of acrylic used to roll out the ink
Lino Cutter
A cutting tool with different shaped heads for cutting lino.
TEMPLATE

9. El cine Year 10 - MFL Knowledge – Summer 2
próximo
next
pujar
to grunt
reclutar
to recruit
rezar
to pray
tocar
to play
transmitir
to broadcast
cada
each
colgar
hang
contar
to tell
descubrir
to find out
despierto/a
awake
destruir
to destroy
doler
to hurt
ejecutar
to execute
el asesino
murder
el bocón
snitch
el fusil
rifle
el Padre
priest
evitar
to avoid
incendiar
to burn
la historia
story
la noticia
news
la promesa
promise
las pilas
batteries
los restos
remains
regresar
to come back
tener sueño
To be sleepy
alma
soul
apagar
to turn off
apestosa
stinky
borracho
drunk
chofer
driver
colchón
mattress
disparar/disparo
to shoot/a shot
una emboscada
an ambush
el ejército
the military
fusil
guerra
war
luchar
to fight
pegar
to hit
prohibida
forbidden
soldado
soldier
vencer
to defeat
zona liberada
free or liberated zone
conseguir
to get
cuidar
to take care of
darle miedo
to make you scared
desaparecer
to disappear
despedirse
to say goodbye
el arma
weapon
el camión
truck
el chófer
driver
el colchón
mattress
el soldado
soldier
el tamaño
size
el toque de queda
curfew
escupir
to spit
la balacera
shooting
la cumbre
mountain peak
la patria
country
la piedra
rock
la rana
frog
las alas
wings
mantener
to support
prometer
to promise
robar
to steal
seguir
to continue
sordo/a
deaf
todavía
still
abajo
below
bastar
to be enough
crecer
to grow up
disparar
to shoot
el campanario
bell tower
el cartón
cardboard
el dolor
pain
privilegio
privilege
el sapo
toad
el techo
rooftop
humiliar
to humiliate
la bala
bullet
la canción
song
la cicatriz
scar
la gracia
grace
los escépticos
skeptics
los tiros
shots
obedecer
to obey
peor
worse
prohibido
banned
la película
film
la ciencia ficción
science fiction
los dibujos animados
cartoons
el documental
documentary
la historia
story
el papel
role
policíaco
police
apto
suitable
la canción
song
el cantante
singer
la letra
words; lyrics
el espectáculo
show
la taquilla
box office
la entrada
ticket
incluido
included
cantar
to sing
el artista
artist
la actriz
actress
la telenovela
soap opera
las noticias
news
el anuncio (publicitario)
advert
en directo
live
la estrella
star
el aficionado
enthusiast; aficionado
TEMPLATE
Raton is more brave than Chava
______________________
Chava is going to fight
______________________
I would join the army
______________________
The boys danced
______________________
El Salvador was a dangerous country
______________________

10. Point de grammaire Les films Les adjectifs La musique Les Choristes
Year 10 - MFL Knowledge – Summer 2
Les films
Point de grammaire
Les adjectifs
le cinéma
cinema
la séance
performance, showing
la version française
French version
le film de guerre
war film
le film de science-fiction
science-fiction film
la comédie
comedy
le film d’amour
romantic film
le film d’horreur
horror film
le/la spectateur(-trice)
spectator
l’écran [m]
screen
sous-titré
subtitled
voir
to see
être fana de
to be a fan of
le film d’aventures
adventure film
le film policier
detective film
le film musical
musical film
l’histoire
story
étranger/ère
foreign
Ça me fait rire
It makes me laugh
Ça me fait peur
It scares me
entraînant
Catchy
démodé(e)
outdated
gentil(le)
kind
doué(e)
talented
méchant(e)
‘baddy’/not nice
sympa
‘goody’/nice
mignon
cute/adorable
avoir l’air d’être
to seem to be/appear
il/elle semble être
he/she seems to be
plus…que
more…than
moins…que
less…than
aussi…que
as…as
démissionner
to quit/resign
licencier
to fire
gagner
to earn
chanter
to sing
tomber (amoureux/esue)
to fall (in love)
enseigner
to teach
voler
to steal
faire (les bêtises)
to do (silly things)
arriver
to arrive
rester
to stay
Comment dit-on ?
Clément Mathieu is going to quit
______________________
TEMPLATE
La musique
Pierre Morhange is going to sing ______________________
la musique
music
le groupe
group
la musique pop
pop music
la musique rap
rap music
la version originale
original soundtrack
chanter
to sing
le/la chanteur(-euse)
singer
la chorale
choir
chanter comme un ange
to sing like an angel
chanter comme une casserole
to sing terribly
Les Choristes
Clément Mathieu is going to fall in love
______________________
l’internat
boarding school
le Fond de l’Étang
bottom of the pond
le piège
trap
la crâne
head/skull
la punition
punishment
l’espoir
hope
la gentillesse
kindness
les avions en papier
paper airplanes
He has stolen
____________________
She has arrived at the school ______________________

11. Drama Knowledge Organiser – Yr 10 – Summer 2
1984 Glossary
Drama Knowledge Organiser – Yr 10 – Summer 2
Themes
"The book“ - Titled "Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism" and supposedly written by Goldstein, it contains the story of humankind and the Revolution, arguing that there is hope for a stronger future without the dishonesty and manipulation of the Party.
Doublethink - Newspeak word with two mutually contradictory meanings. The first is used to refer to an opponent, and can be defined as habitually contradicting plain facts. The second is used to refer to a Party member, and can be defined as a loyal willingness to believe contradictory statements when the Party demands it, which allows for continual alteration of the past.
Newspeak - The official language of Oceania and the new language of the Party, devised to meet the ideological needs of Ingsoc (English Socialism). The goal of Newspeak is to reduce the English language to the fewest words possible and supercede Oldspeak by Removing words removes ways to define anti-Party feelings and the ability to disagree. For example, the word "speedful" can be used in place of the word "rapid."
Telescreen - An oblong metal plaque that looks like a dulled mirror and acts like a television, a camera, and a listening device for the Inner Party and Thought Police. There is no way to shut it off completely, and it keeps tabs on all Party members.
Thought Police - The arm of the Inner Party that seeks out those against the Party, searching out anyone with even the smallest thoughts against the Party or Big Brother. Their powers of observation force everyone to live as though they are always being watched or listened to. Mr. Charrington is a member.
Thoughtcrime - Thinking against the Party, having misgivings about the Party, doubting Big Brother, or questioning any Party action or "fact."
Two Minutes Hate - Daily requirement for all Party members. Organized group of members watches Party presentations on a telescreen denouncing Goldstein and war enemies (either Eastasia or Eurasia), and celebrating Big Brother. Causes great outbursts of hatred such as directed screaming and violence at screen representations of the enemy.
Totalitarianism
In writing 1984, Orwell's main goal was to warn of the serious danger totalitarianism poses to society.
Propaganda
A major factor in the Party's rule over Oceania lies in its extremely well organized and effective propaganda machine.
Love/Sexuality
The Party works to quell all physical sensations of love, and depersonalizes sex to the point where it is referred to as a "duty to the Party"
Independence/Identity
Through its effective psychological manipulation tactics, the Party destroys all sense of independence and individuality.
Music
Songs appear throughout the novel, most often when Winston is reflecting on the state of the world.
Loyalty
The Party is fueled by loyalty, and thus demands that its citizens support any and all actions it takes in pursuing a greater Oceania.
Poverty vs. Wealth
Oceanian society presents a clear dichotomy in living conditions.
Technology
As previously noted, technology is an extremely important tool that the Party uses to maintain control over its citizens.
Language
Newspeak plays an extremely important role in Oceanian society and in the Party's control over its population.
Character List
Winston
O’Brien
Charrington
Martin
Syme
Parsons
Mrs. Parsons
Julia

12. ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES
Year 10 - The Geography Knowledge – Summer 1 – URBANISATION – RIO
URBANISATION is the increase in people living in towns and cities. This causes URBAN GROWTH which is the increase in land area covered by cities.
1950: less than 33% of the world’s population lived in urban areas.
2015: 55% of the world’s population lived in urban areas.
2050: it is predicted 70% of the world’s population will live in urban areas.
WHY?
Natural increase. If a country has a higher birth rate than death rate, the population will naturally increase. This type of population is often found in stages 2 and 3 of the DTM where there is a high number of young adults (18-35 years) who are having lots of children and few older people who are dying due to improved healthcare.
Rural to urban migration. The movement of people from the countryside to cities. It is caused by push factors (pushing people out of rural areas) and pull factors (pulling people to cities).
RIO DE JANEIRO is located in Guanabara Bay, on the south-east coast of Brazil. It lies next to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the cultural capital of Brazil and 2nd largest city, with a population of 12.5 million. It has a growing global importance as an industrial and finance centre. It hosted the 2014 World Cup, 2016 Olympics and annually the Rio Carnival. Many people have moved to Rio from rural Brazil and wider countries, including South Korea, China, UK, USA, Portugal (due to shared language), Argentina and Bolivia.
Rio’s recent economic development has resulted in a number of social and economic opportunities.
SOCIAL OPPORTUNITIES
ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
Electricity supply. 60km new power lines have been installed and a new nuclear generator and hydro-electric power station built.
Rio de Janeiro is Brazil’s second most important industrial centre, producing 5% of Brazil’s GDP and providing more than 6% of all employment opportunities in Brazil.
Water supply. 300km of water pipes were installed between 1998 and By 2014, 95%of Rio had access to a mains water supply.
Rio has a number of main manufacturing (secondary) industries, including chemicals, pharmaceuticals, clothing, furniture and processed foods = jobs.
Health care. There are some areas in Rio, such as Barra de Tijuna, where the average life expectancy is 80 years old. Brazil (as a country) has an average life expectancy of 63 years.
Rio has a number of growing service (tertiary) industries, including banking, finance and insurance. This has attracted a number of transnational corporations (TNCs) to invest = jobs and developing economy.
Education. Rio is developing their school system and providing grants to poor families to encourage all children to attend children.
As Rio develops, there is a growing amount of construction that is going on = jobs and improved economy.
Rio is one of the world’s top tourist destinations, with attractions (The Statue of Christ the Redeemer) and stunning natural surroundings (white sand beaches) = jobs and entertainment.
It has two major airports and five shipping ports = jobs and developing infrastructure.
PUSH FACTORS
PULL FACTORS
Farming is hard and poorly paid
Drought & soil erosion make farming hard
Few doctors or hospitals
Few schools and very basic education
Isolated due to poor transportation routes
More highly skilled, better paid jobs
Range of entertainment opportunities
More and better doctors and hospitals
More schools and better education
Better transportation routes/public transport
TEMPLATE
SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES
SOLUTIONS
Health care: not enough health care for growing population. In 2013 only 55% of the city had a local family health clinic.
Medical staff are taking health kits into people’s homes in favelas = increase in life expectancy.
Education: not enough for growing population due to: shortage of schools, shortage of teachers and lack of funding.
Grants for poorest families and encouraging locals to volunteer to help in schools.
Water supply: not enough water for growing population. Around 12% of Rio does not have access to running water.
Seven new water treatment plants built and 300km of pipes were laid.
Energy: illegal tapping onto electricity lines = blackouts.
Install 60m of new power lines, build nuclear generator and built hydro-electricity station.
Unemployment: most jobs for the poor are informal sector (drivers, street vendors, maids) that are poorly paid, do not pay tax to the government and have no contract.
Air pollution is caused by traffic congestion and increase in industrial factories = 5000 deaths per year.
Expand metro, build toll roads and make coastal roads one way to reduce traffic.
Water pollution is caused by open sewage that runs into rivers (200 tonnes/day), industrial waste from factories and oil spills.
12 new sewage works have been built and 5km of sewage pipes installed in badly polluted areas.
Waste pollution: a lack of waste disposal = rubbish on streets.
New biogas power plant turns waste to energy
Rapid growth in urban populations has resulted in the creation of squatter settlements, also known as: favelas. Favelas are illegal settlements where people have built homes on land they do not own on the outskirts of cities.
Construction:
Poorly built using basic materials (iron, plastic, broken bricks).
Often built on steep slopes = landslides (e.g. 2010: 224 people killed and 13,000 lost their homes). There is limited road access due to the steepness.
Services:
30% have no electricity. Many illegally connect to electrical lines.
50% no sewage connections. Sewers are open channels in the streets.
12% do not have running water. Many people illegally tap into city water mains.
Unemployment:
20% are unemployed. Those who are, are employed in informal sector which is poorly paid (average income: £75/month)
Crime:
Drug gang are common and police is rare. Murder rate is 20 per 1000 people.
Health:
Infant mortality rate: 50 per 1000 people due to high population densities (37,000 per km²), lack of waste disposal, spread of disease and lack of health care.

13. Year 10- The History Knowledge - Weimar and Nazi Germany – Summer 2; Hitler’s Rise to Power
Paul von Hindenburg. President of Germany
The cover of Hitler’s autobiography. ‘Mein Kampf’ which means ‘My Struggle’. Written in 1924 while Hitler was in prison for treason because of his leadership of the Munich Putsch.
Nazi SA, the ‘brownshirts’ fighting Communists in the street in Berlin 1932
Josef Goebbels. Head of propaganda for the Nazi Party