1. HAEMODIALYSIS ADEQUACY
Dr. Ahmed Akl , MD, PhD
ISN EDUCATION AMBASSADOR
CONSULTANT OF NEPHROLOGY&TRANSPLANTATION,
UROLOGY&NEPHROLOGY CENTER,
MANSOURA,
EGYPT
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

2. Fluid and electrolytes hemostasis
OPTIMAL DIALYSIS
Anemia management
BP control
Good nutrition
Dialysis
adequacy
Kt/v
Fluid and electrolytes hemostasis
BMD
management

3. In 1913 three medical scientists working in the Department of Pharmacology at Johns Hopkins Medical School devised equipment and methods for vividiffusion in animals; haemodialysis was invented.
However, thirty years elapsed before a clinically effective system was designed, by Willem Kolff working in the Municipal Hospital at Kampen.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

4. THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY
Four artificial kidneys built in 1943 and sent to the UK, the USA, Canada and Poland
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

5. Gordon Murray (1963) Murray’s first dialyser
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

6. The Murray-Roschlau ‘second-generation’ Flat-Plate Dialyser.
This was an advanced flat-plate parallel-flow dialyser with:
30 layers of dialysis units.
Each unit with two membranes and two dialysis compartments.
Forming a dialyser of 0.6 m2 surface area and with a priming volume of only 225 ml.
(National archive of Canada, MG 30 B110 D.W.G. Murray Papers, Volume 41, File 16, Negative No. C143613; Supplied by Dr. W. Roschlau).
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

7. Urea (or BUN) levels
Urea is the substance most often monitored in clinical practice because:
It is a small, readily dialyzed solute that is the bulk catabolite of dietary protein.
Constitutes 90% of waste nitrogen accumulated in body water.
Is easily measured in blood.
Fractional clearance of urea in body water correlates with patient outcomes.
BUN stands for Blood Urea Nitrogen.  With normal kidney function, a person has a BUN in the range of mg/dl.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

8. Shooting for BUN Targets
In the 1970s and early 1980s, a common practice was to prescribe hemodialysis therapy in order to attain a target BUN.
The pre-treatment BUN never to exceed 80 mg/dl. To achieve that goal, they adjusted:
The amount of time on dialysis.
The blood flow rates.
Changed dialyzers.
Issued restrictions on dietary protein.
Sad, but true 's Renal Dietary Counseling: Stop eating so much protein OR WE'LL HAVE TO INCREASE YOUR DIALYSIS TIME !!
Using target BUNs Seemed like a logical approach to prescribing hemodialysis.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

9. Questions No One Could Answer
However, many patients who hitting these BUN targets were still not doing well, and some displayed symptoms of being underdialyzed. Why was this?  
Why did patients who weighed the same and ate the same amount of protein require different amounts of dialysis therapy to stay healthy?
Why were some patients who had pre-treatment BUNs of 100 perfectly healthy, yet others who had pre-treatment BUNs of 60 unhealthy and in need of more dialysis?
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

10. K t V Using Urea Clearances
They found the data didn't make much sense until they invented a new way of measuring dialysis therapy.
Their new method still utilized urea, but it didn't use a target BUN. Instead, it measured the volume of blood that was cleared of urea during a treatment and compared it to the amount of water in the patient's body.
The end result was that Gotch and Sargent arrived at a simple, elegant formula for measuring dialysis therapy: K t V
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

11. National Cooperative Dialysis Study (NCDS)
In the 1970's, the NCDS was funded to try to determine which dialysis therapies provided the best patient outcomes.
A huge database of information about dialysis patients for the first time.
Analyzed the study's database trying to find new common factors for those patients that were doing well (and for those patients that were doing poorly).
Dr. John Sargent
Prof. Frank Gotch

12. Urea Kinetic Modeling
Why were some patients who had urea levels of 100 perfectly healthy, yet others who had levels of 60 unhealthy and in need of more dialysis?
Why did two patients who weighed the same amount need different lengths of dialysis treatments to stay healthy?
The formula Kt/V effectively answered these questions for the first time.
When Gotch and Sargent applied the Kt/V formula to the data they had for these patients, the healthy and unhealthy patients fell into two distinct numerical groupings.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

13. This new approach became known as UREA KINETIC MODELING.
If the patient had a Kt/V value that was 1.0 or higher, they were doing well in terms of being adequately dialyzed.
If they had a Kt/V value less than 0.8, they were underdialyzed and were doing poorly.
This new approach became known as UREA KINETIC MODELING.
It uses the results of two blood tests, pre and post treatment BUNs, in its calculations.
Urea kinetic modeling includes protein metabolism analyses and It calculates the protein catabolic rate (PCR).
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

14. Urea Kinetic Modeling
Another benefit of Gotch and Sargent's analyses was that it provided strong scientific evidence that dialysis patients were better off eating more protein, not less.
As more data accumulated, it became apparent that reducing protein in the diet to keep the urea levels low was actually resulting in patients not getting enough protein to stay healthy (low albumin levels).
Over the years, it also became apparent that there were additional long-term benefits for the patients in increasing their Kt/V values to 1.2 and higher.
At the 1970's patients who ate more than their allowed amount of protein were "punished" with more dialysis time. That were actually in sync with today's best clinical practices.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

15. Around 1990, researchers were able to show a high degree of correlation between Kt/V values and urea reduction ratios (URR).  
A URR can be calculated with simple algebra and only uses the same two blood tests as the Kt/V equations.
While a URR is not as accurate as a Kt/V value, nor does it provide any information about the patient's protein intake, a URR value does provide an easy-to-calculate marker for dialysis adequacy.
As an example, a Kt/V of 1.2 is roughly equivalent to a URR of about 63 percent. Like Kt/V, the higher the URR value, the better.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

16. INCREASING DIALYSIS DOSE IMPROVED SURVIVAL
Kidney Int 1996; 50:550

17. Measures of dialysis adequacy
SpKt/V
eKt/V
StdKt/V
URR

18. Urea reduction Ratio (URR)
URR = 100 x (1-Ct/Co)
Ct = postdialysis BUN
Co = predialysis BUN

19. Urea Reduction Volume (URR)
Simple
Prediction of mortality
Limitation:
Does not account for the contribution of UF to dialysis dose
Kt/V=1.1 (UF=0)
Kt/v = 1.35 (UF=10%BW)
URR=65

20. URR & Kt/V

21. Hemodialysis Dose Measurement
The preferred method is by formal kinetic urea modeling
K/DOQI 2006

22. Kt/V Computerized software Mathematical logarithm
Kt/v = -Ln (R-0.008t)+(4-3.5xR) x UF W
Ln = natural logarithm
R = postdialysis BUN
predialysis BUN
UF = Ultrafiltration volume in liters
W = Postdialysis weight in kg

23. BUN Sampling Predialysis Postdialysis Immediate predialysis
Slow flow/stop pump

24. Urea Rebound
Organs with low blood flow (skin, bone, muscles) may serve as reservoir for urea 70% of TBW is contained in organs that receive only 20% of CO
So: during HD, there is loss of urea from well perfused areas, this result in  in BUN over 60 minutes post dialysis.

25. Post Dialysis BUN Sampling
Avoid 2 rebound:
Early (<3min post dialysis)
Access recirculation,begin immediately post hemodialysis and rebound in 20 seconds
Cardiopulmonary recirculation, begin 20 seconds post hemodialysis and is completed in 2-3 minutes after slowing or stopping the blood pump.
Late (>3 min)
Completed within minutes due to flow-volume disequilibrium.

26. 65% rebound ( >50% is AR,15%CP,31% D)
Urea Rebound
65% rebound ( >50% is AR,15%CP,31% D)

27. Single-Compartment Fixed Volume Solute Kinetic Mode

28. Single-Pool vs Double-Pool
Does not account for urea transfer between fluid compartments
With  dialyzer clearance, urea removed from extracellular compartment can exceed transfer from intracellular compartment
Urea rebound (30-60 min)
So: Dialysis dose will be overestimated if this urea pool is large (underestimated of true V)

29. Two-Compartment Variable Volume Solute Kinetic Model

30. Equilibrated Kt/V
eKt/v is 0.2 units less than single-pool kt/v, but it can be as great 0.6 unit less.
For most patient, urea rebound is nearly complete in 15 minutes after hemodialysis but for minority, it may require up to minutes
The degree of rebound is high in small patient
eKt/V= spKt/V x (spKt/V) / t (for arterial access)
eKt/V= spKt/V x (spKt/V) / t (for venous access)

31. Minimum dialysis dose SpKt/V > 1.2 US eKt/V > 1.2 Europe
StdKt/V

32. Daugirdas Formula

33. Prescribed vs. delivered Kt/V
Prescribed Kt/V is a computerized estimation of what the patients Kt/V would be, based on the prescription
• Delivered Kt/V is actual results based on
how the patient really dialyzed the day the
kinetic labs were drawn

34. What Should You Do if Your Patient Kt/V Is Below 1
What Should You Do if Your Patient Kt/V Is Below 1.2 or if Your URR Is Below 65 Percent ?
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

35. The NKF-K/DOQI Hemodialysis Adequacy Work Group identified several topics pertinent to implementing and maintaining adequate hemodialysis.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

36. PATIENTS TO WHOM APPLIED ?
These guidelines apply to all adult & pediatric HD patients with ESRD &
negligible kidney function (GFR <5 mL/min) who receive outpatient HD
three times per week.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

37. EVIDENCE-BASED Versus OPINION-BASED
These guidelines are based on evidence in published
literature & when not available, on consensus opinion
of Work Group.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

38. GUIDELINE 1: REGULAR MEASUREMENT OF THE DELIVERED DOSE OF HD (EVIDENCE)
The dialysis care team should routinely measure & monitor the delivered dose of HD.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

39. GUIDELINE 2: METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF DELIVERED DOSE OF HD (EVIDENCE)
The delivered dose of HD in adult & pediatric patients should be measured using formal urea kinetic modeling (UKM), employing the single-pool, variable volume model.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

40. UREA KINETIC MODELING (UKM)
UKM is a method for verifying that the amount of dialysis prescribed (prescribed Kt/V) equals the amount of dialysis delivered (effective Kt/V).
UKM also quantifies the amount of urea generated, which is a marker of the
protein catabolic rate & therefore of protein intake.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

41. CALCULATION OF Kt/V
Kt/V may be determined by formal UKM or by extrapolation from the fractional change in blood urea concentration during a dialysis session. The delivered dose of HD may also be assessed using the URR.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

42. Formal UKM Advantages:
When rigorously performed, it is a reproducible & quantitative method.
It provides guidance about which specific parameters of prescription to modify, to achieve target HD dose (dialysis time, dialyzers, blood or dialysate flow rates).
Impact of residual kidney function on urea clearance can also be
considered.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

43. Formal UKM Disadvantages:
Complexity of calculations requires use of computational devices & software.
Physical parameters, such as K & V, are difficult to measure & monitor & actual t can be difficult to determine.
Time required for dialysis staff to collect & process all patient information to support these calculations can be significant.
Although cost of computers & software is low, it is a factor for some dialysis centers.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

44. Statistical models
If a computer modeling program is not available, only one alternative method for calculating Kt/V (Kt/V natural logarithm formula) & one other measurement of the delivered dose of HD (URR) should be considered for routine use in adults.
A calculator capable of performing natural logarithms is required.
Kt/V natural logarithm formula (Kt/V Ln):
Kt/V = -Ln (R x t) + ( x R) x UF/W.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

45. Kt/V natural logarithm formula
Advantages:
It provides the closest approximation to the single-pool, variable volume Kt/V derived from formal UKM. It is accurate over its full range (range, 0.7 to 2.1).
It accounts for intradialytic volume changes secondary to UF & the resultant convective solute transport.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

46. Kt/V natural logarithm formula
Limitations:
Alone it does not support calculation of nPCR (can be derived from a nomogram, or by an equation).
It does not permit rigorous, quantitative analysis of the HD prescriptions.
(e.g. if delivered Kt/V is observed to be too low, Kt/V Ln does not
provide insight into how therapy should be altered).
Therefore, the HD Adequacy Work Group does not recommend this method for primary use.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

47. Urea reduction ratio (URR)
One of the three methods that HD Adequacy Work Group considered appropriate for measuring delivered dose of HD.
Calculation of URR:
URR = (1 - [postdialysis BUN / predialysis BUN])
Because of its ease of calculation, URR is frequently utilized.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

48. Urea Reduction Ratio (URR)
Limitations:
Does not account for contribution of UF to final delivered dose of dialysis (less accurate).
Errors in delivered dose of HD may be particularly difficult to detect in target range of URR of > or =65% where a curvilinear relationship exists between URR & Kt/V.
Correcting observed deficiencies in URR requires empirical modification of components of treatment prescription.
Does not support calculation of nPCR & ignores contribution of residual
kidney function to urea clearance.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

49. Percent Reduction In Urea (PRU)
Involves the same calculation as URR except that the result is
multiplied by 100 to be expressed as a percentage.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

50. Kt/V Derived From Percent Reduction Of Urea (PRU)
Several equations are proposed to estimate Kt/V from PRU :
Kt/V = ( x PRU)
Kt/V = ( x PRU)
These equations correlate reasonably well with the more rigorous UKM when the Kt/V & PCR are in the normal or expected range.
These equations, although reasonably accurate, are not a substitute for Kt/V Ln formula.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

51. ARE THERE ALTERNATIVES TO Kt/V FOR ASSESSING ADEQUACY ?
Not all investigators accept Kt/V as optimal method for assessing HD adequacy.
Other modalities evaluated, include:
1-Timed average urea concentration.
2-Solute removal index.
3-Kt that is not normalized by body volume.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

52. Timed average urea concentration (TAC urea)
Preferable to Kt/V because it also measures interdialytic urea generation, thereby allowing estimation of PCR.
It has a major limitation in that poor nutrition (often due to inadequate dialysis) can lead to a low predialysis BUN & TACurea that misleadingly suggests that patient is being adequately dialyzed.
Thus, TAC urea must be evaluated in concert with PCR to estimate protein intake.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

53. Solute Removal Index
Is defined as percentage of total body urea nitrogen content that is removed
by a dialysis treatment.
It is directly measured by multiplying urea concentration in dialysate by
volume of spent dialysate.
Advantages:
1-It is unaffected by factors that significantly alter Kt.
2-Minimizing exposure of patients & staff to blood-borne pathogens.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

54. Solute Removal Index Limitations:
1-Lack of studies correlating it to patient outcome.
2-Impracticality of collecting the total spent dialysate.
3-Relative inaccuracy of calculated HD dose obtained.
DOQI clinical work group focused their recommendations exclusively upon
blood-based measures of adequacy, suggesting that further research on
solute removal needs to be performed.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

55. Haemodialysis dose & nutrition
Protein catabolic rate (PCR) in maintenance dialysis
PCR, also called protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance (PNA), is the
parameter used in most HD units to assess dietary protein intake in patients
who are in a steady state.
It is a function of protein catabolism.
Determined by measuring interdialytic appearance of urea in body fluids
plus any urea lost in urine in patients with residual renal function.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

56. CALCULATION OF PCR
It is usually expressed as g/kg/day, a parameter that is also called the normalized PCR (nPCR). Less commonly, the PCR is not normalized to weight & is expressed as g/day.
It is routinely calculated by various urea kinetic modeling software
programs.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

57. CALCULATION OF PCR
If a computer program is not available, the following simple formulas will give a good estimate of the nPCR.
nPCR (anuric) = [0.036 X ID rise in BUN X 24] / ID intervals
Another formula calculates nPCR from the Kt/V & the average BUN:
nPCR = ( X F)
F = Kt/V X [(predialysis BUN + postdialysis BUN) / 2]
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

58. Residual renal function
CALCULATION OF PCR
Residual renal function
Urinary nitrogen loss must be accounted for in patients with residual renal function. Thus, for patients with urine output:
nPCR (total) =
nPCR (anuric) + [Urinary UN X150] / ID interval X weight
These formulas cannot be used in patients treated with
continuous peritoneal dialysis, since the BUN is relatively
constant.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

59. OPTIMAL PCR & THE DIALYSIS PRESCRIPTION
NCDS recommended a minimal nPCR of 0.8 g/kg/day, but a target of g/kg/day or higher is currently recommended.
A small percentage of patients have a "high" PCR (>1.2 g/kg/day). The appropriate response should be to increase Kt/V rather than to restrict dietary protein. Unfortunately, this generally constitutes a negative economic incentive to the dialysis facility.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

60. COMPUTER MODELS Used for two goals:
Computer software packages can be purchased separately or as an integral component of dialysis machine.
When supplied with simple clinical information these programs will
perform the necessary computations & print Kt/V, PCR & other data.
Used for two goals:
1- Calculation of the delivered kt/v
2- Prediction of the delivered kt/v
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

61. The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt
1- Calculation of the delivered kt/v
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

62. 2- Prediction of the delivered kt/v
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

67. Common factors include:
A variety of factors may result in the actual delivered dose of HD falling below the prescribed dose
Common factors include:
1-Compromised urea clearance.
2-Reductions in treatment time.
3-Laboratory or blood sampling errors.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

68. COMPROMISED UREA CLEARANCE
Reasons include:
Access recirculation
Inadequate blood flow from the vascular access
Inaccurate estimation of dialyzer performance
Dialyzer clotting during dialysis
Blood pump/dialysate flow calibration errors
Errors in prescribed blood & dialysate flow rates.
Dialysate flow rate that is inappropriately set too low
Dialysate flow miscalibration.
Dialyzer leaks.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

69. REDUCTIONS IN TREATMENT TIME
Reasons include:
Inaccurate assessment of effective time,
Incorrect assumption of continuous treatment time,
Premature discontinuation of HD for staff or unit convenience,
Premature discontinuation of HD to honor patient request/adherence,
Delay in starting dialysis session due to patient tardiness.
Wrong patient taken off dialysis.
Time on dialysis calculated incorrectly.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

70. LABORATORY OR BLOOD SAMPLING ERRORS
Reasons include:
Dilution of predialysis BUN blood sample with saline.
Drawing predialysis BUN blood sample after the start of dialysis..
Laboratory error due to calibration or equipment problems.
Drawing postdialysis BUN blood sample before the end of dialysis,.
Drawing postdialysis BUN blood sample more than 5 minutes after dialysis,.
Laboratory error in the BUN measurement.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

71. Predialysis blood sampling procedures
When utilizing an AV fistula or graft:
* Obtain blood specimen from arterial needle.
* Do not draw a sample if HD has been initiated.
When utilizing a venous catheter:
*Withdraw any heparin & saline from arterial port of catheter.
*Withdraw another 3-10 mL of blood from arterial port of catheter.
*Connect a new syringe or collection device & draw sample.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

72. Postdialysis blood sampling procedure
At the completion of HD, turn off Qd & decrease UFR to 50 mL/h or off.
Decrease the Qb to mL/min for 15 seconds.
Proceed with either slow flow or stop pump technique.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

73. Postdialysis blood sampling procedure
Slow flow sampling technique
*With blood pump still running at mL/min, draw blood sample from arterial sampling port.
*Stop blood pump & complete disconnection.
Stop pump sampling technique
*Immediately stop blood pump.
*Clamp arterial, venous lines & arterial needle tubing.
*Blood is sampled from arterial sampling port or from arterial needle tubing.
*Patient disconnection procedure proceeds.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

74. SUMMARY
1- Preferential use of a single pool, variable volume model for calculating urea removal during HD at least once per month.
2- Quantification of urea removal during a single dialysis session using formal urea kinetic modeling for adults & children.
3-Prescription of a Kt/V of > or =1.4, so that the minimum delivered Kt/V would be > or =1.2.
4-Vigorous effort to ensure patient comfort during HD by using strategies to minimize cramps & hypotension.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

75. It is the duty of the dialysis team to consider implementing
these recommendations
on an individual basis & when not or cannot be applied,
to strive to optimize patient care by offering reasonable &
safe alternative processes of care.
The urology & Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt

76. Thank You