BTEC NCF Dip in Comp - Unit 02 Fundamentals of Computer Systems Lesson 02 – Computer Hardware Mr C Johnston.

BTEC NCF Dip in Comp - Unit 02 Fundamentals of Computer Systems Lesson 02 – Computer Hardware
Mr C Johnston

Learning Outcome Understand the role, characteristics, features and implications of the use of hardware in a computer system

Starter Write down as many different hardware components you can think of 4 minutes End

Computer Hardware components of a computer system
mainboard/motherboard central processing unit (CPU) graphics processing unit (GPU) main memory heat dispersal, e.g. heat sink, fans hard drives (solid state, magnetic) optical drives power supply unit (PSU) peripheral hardware used to form computer systems input devices, e.g. keyboard, scanner, camera output devices, e.g. monitor, printer, projector storage devices e.g. memory stick, flash storage data storage and recovery systems redundant array of independent disks (RAID) network-attached storage (NAS)

Antistatic #1 Antistatic #2 Surge Protection Building PC Tips Working Safely Protecting the computer system components, including anti-static procedures, e.g. wrist straps, mats power supplies e.g. checking correct voltage/wattage, connections surge protection handling components. Protecting the builder, including isolating power supply grounding physical dangers, e.g. lifting/moving devices, use of tools. Task Produce a crib sheet which summarises the things you should and should not do whilst carrying out your practical work

The Motherboard The motherboard or “pc main board” connects all the bits of a computer together, It supplies power to, and allows data to flow between all components, There are a series of different slots which cables, and cards fit into, It is important when building a PC that all parts are compatible with the motherboard else the machine will not work.

Motherboard Features Make / Model
System BUS (data, power, control, address) I/O BUS (connects storage devices to motherboard) Front Side Bus (connects processor to the north bridge) Chipset (north bridge, south bridge) Processor slot / socket RAM slots Expansion Slots PCI (peripheral component interconnect) , AGP (accelerated graphics port), PCIe (pci express) BIOS (Basic Input Output System) chip Battery FDD, SATA (serial advanced technology attachment) interfaces Integrated Motherboard Port – USB (1/2/3) / Serial / PS2 / Parallel ports Power socket Optional OnBoard features – Sound, Modem, GFX, Network

Conceptual Layout

Activity BTEC (2010) Book – Unit 02 p4-6 Find out what type of motherboard you have installed on your computer. Locate the BIOS ROM chip on a motherboard. What make of BIOS ROM is it? Identify the main components on a motherboard. Draw a diagram to show the position of the processors chip, the battery, the power supply connector, the memory slots the ports and other important components. Look at how components are slotted into place. Turn on the computer and watch the POST process. What is the POST process and what happens if something fails?

Extra Task Write a paragraph to explain in your own words the function of the motherboard in a typical modern personal computer Include key features Which are the key factors of the motherboard which affect its performance? How is the performance of the computer affected by each factor? Remember explain means to give a detailed account of something with reasons – include how it works, and why its required.

The Processor The processor or CPU is the brain of a computer and performs calculations to enable the computer to function, Its main job is to: Request information from devices, Modify / Create new information, Sending information back to devices. Processors are measure in Hertz (Hz) - number of calculations they can perform per second, Processors attach to a motherboard by being inserted into a socket or slot, In general the faster the processor the better the machine but certain other factors need to be taken into consideration – speed of motherboards bus, amount of RAM, rotation speed of storage drives and type of other cards attached.

Processor Features Make Model Physical Size / Package Type
Connector Type Speed (Hz) Number of Cores Number of Threads Instruction Set Cache

The Processor Rivals The two main manufacturers for processors are Intel and AMD, Much debate (similar to Coke and Pepsi) who is better but essentially its down to personal preference Which ever you choose need to ensure your motherboard has the correct type of socket or slot for the processor, as different processors require different sockets Current Intel Processor Ranges Celeron, Pentium, i3, i5, i7, Xeon Current AMD Processor Ranges Athlon, Sempron, FX, A#, Athlon X

Processor Videos CPU Vid #1 – Intel Processors Explained [Trusted Reviews] CPU Vid #2 – CPU Shopping Tips [Tech Quickie] CPU Vid #3 – Hyper Threading[Tech Quickie]

Activities BTEC (2010) Book – Unit 02 p4-6 Intel Processors Find out which processor is in the machine you are using today. List all of its characteristics. How did you discover these? Practice installing a processor into a motherboard. What MUST you check before you clamp it down? Produce an information sheet on processors which answer these questions Explain the difference between instruction sets. What are the benefits and limitations of each What is a multicore processor and what benefits do they offer What is the different between a core and thread Explain the purpose of cache. What are the different types and what role does each have? Carry out some research into different processors available at the moment. For each processor list its key characteristics and explain what tasks it has been specifically developed for

Extra Task Write a paragraph to explain in your own words the function of the processor in a typical modern personal computer Include key features Which are the key factors of the processor which affect its performance? How is the performance of the computer affected by each factor? Remember explain means to give a detailed account of something with reasons – include how it works, and why its required.

Recap Pair with somebody and read their homework… Within their work what can you… ADD / DEVELOP / CHANGE / CHALLENGE Use the link below to play the processor features game. Can you score full marks?

Power Supply Unit (PSU)
The Power Supply Unit (PSU) is responsible for supplying power to the various components within the computer, PSUs can either be internal or external, A PSU is a step down transformer converting 230V AC into a lower voltage – in a desktop computer its 12v / 5v DC, There are various cables with different connectors coming out of a PSU – the different connectors are for different devices, PSUs are used all over the world and sometimes there is a voltage selector on the back – its important that this is always set to 230v otherwise BANG!!!

PSU Connector Types 4 pin peripheral power cable
For more explanation visit 4 pin peripheral power cable -HDD, Optical Drives 4 pin ATX +12 volt power cable -Supplies motherboards with 12v Floppy drive power cable -Floppy disk drives 8 pin ATX +12 volt power cable -Supplies motherboards with 12v SATA power cable -SATA devices including HDD, Optical Drives 4+4 pin +12 volt power cable -Can be used as either 4 or 8 pin supply 20 pin ATX main power cable -Motherboards 6 pin PCI Express power cable -Supplies power to PCIe cards 24 pin ATX main power cable -Motherboards 8 pin PCI Express power cable -Supplies higher power to PCIe cards 20+4 pin ATX main power cable -Can be used as either 20 or 24 pin supply 6+2 pin PCI Express power cable -Can be used as either 6 or 8 pin supply

Activities BTEC (2010) Book – Unit 02 p6 Test Laptop Power Supply Locate the PSU within your desktop computer’s processor box. Note the lead that run from the PSU to other devices. Draw a diagram to illustrate the connections Find out what voltages different peripherals (e.g. a monitor, printer and mouse) require. How are these devices powered? Check the type and power of the battery which is located on a mother board. What is the battery used to power? How can you check that a laptop charger is working properly? Demonstrate you can do this. Find out how a laptop is powered when there is no connection to the main supply Explain the key features of a PSU in the format of some revision notes

Extra Task Write a paragraph to explain in your own words the function of the PSU in a typical modern personal computer Include key features Which are the key factors of a PSU which affect its performance? How is the performance of the computer affected by each factor? Remember explain means to give a detailed account of something with reasons – include how it works, and why its required.

Cooling Processors and other components work very hard and get extremely hot Never pick up or try to remove a processor from a motherboard without letting it cool first – you will get burnt. It is important that computers are adequately ventilated with a cooling system that is recommended for the hardware you are using Cooling systems include a number of different components which when carefully selected and used together will result in no problems with over heating

Typical Cooling System Components
Heatsinks Fans Thermal Paste Heatsink and Fan(s) Ducts

Cooling Videos Cooling Vid #1 – What’s a Heatsink? [Tech Quickie]

Activities BTEC (2010) Book – Unit 02 p7 Using Computer Without Heatsink Locate the processor within the machine you are using. What cooling devices have been used to keep it cool? Research different types of heatsink. What materials make the best heatsink? What happens if your cooling system fails on an older PC? How does it different from a modern computer? Why? Research liquid cooling systems. What types are there? Illustrate the common components of liquid cooling systems What benefits and limitations they offer over more traditional cooling system?

Extra Task Write a paragraph to explain in your own words the function of the cooling system in a typical modern personal computer Include key features Which are the key factors of a cooling system which affect its performance? How is the performance of the computer affected by each factor? Remember explain means to give a detailed account of something with reasons – include how it works, and why its required.

Computer Storage Computer storage devices and media can be classed into 3 different categories: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Primary storage is the computers internal memory – RAM / ROM / Cache, Secondary storage devices save data more permanently - normally a hard disk drive, Tertiary storage devices create an off line, portable copy of the data to a portable storage medium. Media card readers and DVD writers are included in this category.

Storage Examples Digital Storage Primary Secondary Tertiary

Performance Indicators
When comparing storage devices and media there are several key performance indicators which can be used: How much data will the device hold? What is its maximum capacity? How fast can the data be stored on (written to) the device? How fast can the data be retrieved (read) from the device?

Internal Memory Internal memory is used to store running programs and the data being used by programs, There are two types of internal memory – ROM (read only memory) and RAM (random access memory), ROM is used to store permanent data – BIOS and Firmware information, RAM is used to store temporary data - programs currently running and documents open prior to being saved, RAM is volatile and only stores data and programs temporarily whilst the system has power, Work which has not been saved in stored in RAM so a computer crash or power out will result in the work been lost.

RAM We know that programs and data are stored in RAM – however this is not quite true.. Programs are huge and therefore when we run lots at the same they cant all be stored in RAM at once, Therefore the computer spends time swopping temporary data between “virtual memory” on a HDD and RAM when its needed, The more RAM the less swopping is required, A computer crashes when the processor is too busy swopping rather than carrying out processing instructions.

RAM DIMMs RAM is supplied in DIMMs - Duel In-Line Memory Modules
A typical DIMM is shown below Common RAM DIMMs used in devices today are the DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) range. They come in different variants with DDR4 being the latest When buying RAM it must be compatible with other devices Info label Pins Bottom notch Memory Fitting notches

Discuss Using the table below discuss the key differences between the DDR RAM types. Are there any benefits to users of using the latest DIMMs? Are there any issues related to using any of the DIMMs? Released Pins Transfer Speed (MT/s) (million transfers per second) Operating Voltage DDR2 2003 249 400 to 1066 1.8 DDR3 2007 240 800 to 2133 1.5 DDR4 2014 288 2133 to 4266 1.05

Properties RAM Make Model Capacity Type of RAM Socket type
Speed – (Memory Clock / IO Bus Clock / Data Transfer Rate)

Cache Another type of memory is cache – cache is a very high speed memory where commonly used instructions can be held Devices look for instructions in cache first before looking elsewhere Cache memory can also be used as a buffer in some devices Typically we find cache on processors and DVD burners, Processors have L1 and L2 cache (L being the closest to the processor).

Activity BTEC (2010) Book – Unit 02 p10 /11 (start at the Internal Memory heading) Visit ebuyer.com and create a table which lists different types of memory on sale. For each DIMM include Make and Model DDR type Capacity Speed Overall Price Price Per GB What is the difference between memory modules intended for laptops and memory modules intended for desktops? Upgrading RAM is easy but what are the steps you need to take to ensure you purchase the correct DIMMs? Carry out a RAM upgrade.

RAM Videos RAM Vid #1 – What is RAM? [CC Madrid]

Extra Task Write a paragraph to explain in your own words the function of RAM in a typical modern personal computer Include key features Which are the key factors of RAM which affect its performance? How is the performance of the computer affected by each factor? Remember explain means to give a detailed account of something with reasons – include how it works, and why its required.

Discuss What is the purpose of a hard disk drive?
What types of hard disk drive are there? What is the purpose of an optical disk drive? What are the types of optical disk are there?

Revision A hard drive is a device used to permanently store data used by your computer It contains operating system files, program files and all your user files e.g. documents, images, music, video Hard drive key characteristics Brand, Model, Capacity (GB/TB), Interface Type (SATA, USB, IDE) Access Speed (MS), Type of drive (traditional or solid state) Rotation Speed (RPM), Number of heads, disks, cylinders, sectors, tracks

Revision How do CDs work? An optical disk drive is a hardware device that allows you to read data from optical disks and write data too optical disks using light Software is typically supplied on optical media and they are good to backup data too as they are inexpensive Optical Drive Key Characteristics Brand, Model, Type of disks can read/write (CD,CD-R,CD-RW,DVD,DVD+R(W),DVD- R(W),Blueray) Speed of read/write Cache Interface (SATA, USB, IDE)

Hard Drive Controller – SATA
SATA = Serial advanced technology attachment, Replacement for IDE / eIDE, Each drive needs its own channel so uses the full bandwidth of the cable – cant daisy chain 2 drives like IDE so is faster and no need to play with jumpers!! IDE Cable SATA Cable 4x SATA Channels HDD Drive data and power cables DVD-RW Motherboard SATA connections

Activity BTEC (2010) Book – Unit 02 p7 (start at the Hard drive configuration and controllers heading) Connect 2x HDD and 1X DVD drive to a motherboard. Ensure you use cables so that it will function A screen shot from device manager is shown below What storage devices are attached? What is special about the device MagicISO? Research solid state drives What are the differences between solid state and traditional hard drives? How can both traditional and solid state drives be incorporated into a system to both increase performance and save money? Research different types of optical media produce a table which summaries Type, capacity, max read speed, max write speed

Extra Task Write a paragraph to explain in your own words the function of the HDD in a typical modern personal computer Include key features Which are the key factors of the HDD which affect its performance? How is the performance of the computer affected by each factor? Remember explain means to give a detailed account of something with reasons – include how it works, and why its required.

Extra Task Write a paragraph to explain in your own words the function of the optical disk drive in a typical modern personal computer Include key features Which are the key factors of the optical disk drive which affect its performance? How is the performance of the computer affected by each factor? Remember explain means to give a detailed account of something with reasons – include how it works, and why its required.

Network Attached Storage (NAS)
NAS is a box containing hard disk drives with a controller card, embedded control software and a network card It allows users to store and retrieve information centrally via the network through either its IP address or network name It is typically administrated using a web interface and folder rights and shares can be setup NAS boxes are often shipped with no drives in so administrators can sleet the number, type and size of rives they wish to use Drives are often hot swappable so can be replaced if they fail without restarting the NAS box RAID is used to preserve data

RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)
RAID explained A virtualisation technology that allows multiple disks to appear as one large storage pool The one large storage pool accesses data more efficiently and is more organised than storing files on different HDDs RAID also features redundancy where copies of files exist on different disks so that if one disk fails there is another copy of the contents of that disk elsewhere RAID has different levels each offering different efficiency and data redundancy

Activity BTEC (2010) Book – Unit 02 p13/14 Investigate different NAS boxes that are available to purchase. For each record How many bays the box has, what drive types and sizes are compatible Find a quote for a NAS box with a large capacity which is suitable for a large network Find a quote for a NAS box which is suitable for a home network Carry out some research into the different levels of RAID. Produce a summary of RAID 0,1,5,6 and 10. For each include A description, a diagram, advantages, disadvantages and what best used for Memory sticks have different storage capacities. Make and list of common capacities available and there average price What performance factors can be used to decide which memory stick is the best? Research the internet for data on flash memory cards. What different cards are available? What performance factors can be used to help decide which flash card is the best?

Specialist Cards Specialist cards or expansion cards allow the computers to perform additional tasks that they were not originally designed to do, They are a circuit board which slots into the motherboard and pokes out of the back of the case so devices can be plugged into it, They also can be used to replace “standard onboard features” which may not be powerful enough or the best quality, Typical expansion cards include: Graphics cards Sound cards TV / Radio tuner cards Network cards Modems Interface cards – expand the number and type of connectors POST cards Security cards Video processing expansion cards

Expansion Card Sizes There are three different sizes of expansion card to choose from depending on the room available in your case, The size of a card is known as its “form factor” Full length card – 107mm (height) X 312mm (long) Half length card – 106.68mm (height) X mm (long) Low profile card – Range from: 64.41mm X mm to 64.41mm X mm

Expansion Card Connectors
There are three main types of connector which are correctly used to attach expansion cards to the motherboard, Before purchasing a card its vital to know the type of slot available so you purchase a card with the correct interface. PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) Slot Comes in 32 and 64 bit versions AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) Slot Comes is AGPx1, AGPx2, AGPx4 and AGPx8 varieties Must ensure card matches with the type of slot on board PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) Slot Comes in PCIe x1, PCIe x4, PCIe x8, and PCIe x16 versions Must ensure card matches with the type of slot on board

Installing Expansion Cards

Activity For each of the cards shown in class, take a photo of it and identify The card type and use The type of interface it has Locate a high specification video card and sound card on the internet. Find out as much as you can about the cards and share your notes with others in the group. What makes them so different from budget range cards and are they worth it? Recommend an expansion card to solve these problems I have run out of USB slots I want to burn 10 DVDs at once My desktop computer needs internet and I don’t have a long enough cable I want to be able to record live TV

Extra Task Locate the expansion shots within your PC at home
List the expansion cards which are already installed The type of any spare expansion slots For each of these expansion card NIC, Soundcard, Video Write a paragraph to explain in your own words the function of the card in a typical modern personal computer Include key features Which are the key factors of the HDD which affect its performance? How is the performance of the computer affected by each factor? Remember explain means to give a detailed account of something with reasons – include how it works, and why its required.

Peripherals How do mice work? How do printers work? A peripheral device is a hardware device (such as keyboards or printers) which are physically separated from a computer but important to its operations and under the computers control, Input devices are peripherals which allow users to enter data into the computer Output devices are peripherals which allow users to view data from the computer External storage devices (e.g. portable HDD) are peripherals which allow users to backup data from the computer and take it away

Computer Connector More information on connectors: As peripherals are physically separate from the computer they need to be attached to the motherboard using different connectors and ports. You need to be able to recognise different connectors and ports.

Serial vs Parallel Transmission
Data travels down cables either in serial or parallel. Serial data travels 1 bit at a time down a single cable, In parallel the data travels 8 bits at a time down a ribbon cable with 8 cables. In general it is faster to transfer data in parallel rather than serial.. But this is not always the case

Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Allows must external peripherals to be connected, Allows plug-and-play so OS recognises when device plugged in and tries to install it – sometimes successful other times need driver – plug-and-pray, but is better than old days, As you can change devices using USB ports when they are known as “hot-swappable” Motherboards have lots of USB slots and can also use USB hubs to daisy chain devices together.

Activity BTEC (2010) Book – Unit 02 p8-10 Complete the table below to summarise USB 1, 2, 3, 3.1, 3.2, Thunderbolt 3, eSATA There are a wide range of different peripherals available each allowing users to use their computers to carry out specific tasks. Research a wide range of peripherals what allow data to be input and/or output from a computer. Report your findings in a table. Port Type Max Data Transfer Speed Typical Uses Peripheral Description Data Input / Output Comparative Features How Affects Overall System

BTEC NCF Dip in Comp - Unit 02 Fundamentals of Computer Systems Lesson 02 – Computer Hardware Mr C Johnston.

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BTEC NCF Dip in Comp - Unit 02 Fundamentals of Computer Systems Lesson 02 – Computer Hardware Mr C Johnston.

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