MITM https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html.

Concurrency control Distributed serializability and Commitment ordering
Commitment ordering (Commit ordering, CO; Raz 1992) means that transactions' chronological order of commit events is kept compatible with their respective precedence order

SS2PL mentioned above is a variant (special case) of CO and thus also effective to achieve distributed and global serializability

The Distributed conflict serializability property in its general form is difficult to achieve efficiently, but it is achieved efficiently via its special case Distributed CO: Each local component (e.g., a local DBMS) needs both to provide some form of CO, and enforce a special vote ordering strategy for the Two-phase commit protocol (2PC: utilized to commit distributed transactions)

About the references and Commitment ordering: (Bernstein et al
Concurrency control Distributed serializability and Commitment ordering About the references and Commitment ordering: (Bernstein et al

Barry Boehm Incremental Commitment Model
It was only in 1998, after the development of the ICM that Barry Boehm along with A Winsor Brown started to focus on reconciling it with the WinWin Spiral Model and its incarnation in MBASE and the follow-on Lean MBASE, and working towards an Incremental Commitment Model for Software (ICMS) by adapting the existing WinWin Spiral Model support tools

Industrial and organizational psychology - Job satisfaction and commitment
For instance, job satisfaction is strongly correlated with attitudinal variables such as job involvement, organizational commitment, job tensions, frustration, and feelings of anxiety

Group cohesiveness - Task Commitment
Other theorists stress that cohesion comes from group members’ commitment to work together to complete their shared tasks and accomplish their collective tasks or goals. Members of task-oriented groups typically exhibit great interdependence and often possess feelings of responsibility for the group’s outcomes. The bonds of unity that develop from members’ concerted effort to achieve their common goals are considered indicative of group cohesion.

Man-in-the-middle attack - Forensic analysis of MITM attacks
Captured network traffic from what is suspected to be a MITM attack can be analyzed in order to determine if it really was a MITM attack or not.[dubious – discuss] Important evidence to analyze when doing network forensics of a suspected SSL MITM attack include:

Quantum cryptography - Quantum commitment
(Notice that here we are a bit imprecise: The results by Crépeau and Kilian and Kilian together do not directly imply that given a commitment and a quantum channel one can perform secure multi-party computation

Unfortunately, early quantum commitment protocols were shown to be flawed. In fact, Mayers showed that (unconditionally secure) quantum commitment is impossible: a computationally unlimited attacker can break any quantum commitment protocol.

Yet, the result by Mayers does not preclude the possibility of constructing quantum commitment protocols (and thus secure multi-party computation protocols) under assumptions that are much weaker than the assumptions needed for commitment protocols that do not use quantum communication. The bounded quantum storage model described below is an example for a setting in which quantum communication can be used to construct commitment protocols.

Business process reengineering - Organization wide commitment
There is no doubt that major changes to business processes have a direct impact on processes, technology, job roles, and workplace culture

However, top management sponsorship is imperative for success.(Dooley Johnson, 2001) Commitment and leadership in the upper echelons of management are often cited as the most important factors of a successful BPR project.(Jackson, 1997) Top management must recognize the need for change, develop a complete understanding of what is BPR, and plan how to achieve it.

Leadership has to be effective, strong, visible, and creative in thinking and understanding in order to provide a clear vision to the future.(Al-Mashari Zairi, 1999) Convincing every affected group within the organization of the need for BPR is a key step in successfully implementing a process

Employee engagement - Commitment
Employees with the highest level of organizational commitment|commitment perform 20% better and are 87% less likely to leave the organization, which indicates that engagement is linked to organizational performance.Lockwood, Nancy R. Leveraging Employee Engagement for Competitive Advantage: HR's Strategic Role. HRMagazine Mar. 2007: SearchSpot. ABI/INFORM Global (PQ). McIntyre Library, Eau Claire. 22 Apr. 2007

Knowledge representation - Commitment begins with the earliest choices
Logic, for instance, involves a (fairly minimal) commitment to viewing the world in terms of individual entities and relations between them

Knowledge representation - Commitment begins with the earliest choices
Selecting any of them thus involves a degree of ontological commitment: the selection will have a significant impact on our perception of and approach to the task, and on our perception of the world being modeled.

Knowledge representation - Commitments accumulate in layers
Additional layers of commitment are made as we put the technology to work

An early description of the system Pople H, Heuristic methods for imposing structure on ill-structured problems, in AI in Medicine, Szolovits (ed.), AAAS Symposium 51, Boulder: Westview Press. shows how these questions were answered in the task at hand, supplying the second layer of commitment:

:The knowledge base underlying the INTERNIST system is composed of two basic types of elements: disease entities and manifestations.... [It] also contains a...hierarchy of disease categories, organized primarily around the concept of organ systems, having at the top level such categories as liver disease, kidney disease, etc.

The prototypes are thus intended to capture prototypical diseases (e.g., a classic case of a disease), and they will be organized in a taxonomy indexed around organ systems. This is a sensible and intuitive set of choices but clearly not the only way to apply frames to the task; hence it is another layer of ontological commitment.

The ontologic commitment here is sufficiently obvious and sufficiently important that it is often a subject of debate in the field itself, quite independent of building automated reasoners.

Similar sorts of decisions have to be made with all the representation technologies, because each of them supplies only a first order guess about how to see the world: they offer a way of seeing but don't indicate how to instantiate that view

Commitment to a particular view of the world thus starts with the choice of a representation technology, and accumulates as subsequent choices are made about how to see the world in those terms.

Generalized anxiety disorder - Acceptance and commitment therapy
ACT is designed with the purpose to target three therapeutic goals: (1) reduce the use of avoiding strategies intended to avoid feelings, thoughts, memories, and sensations; (2) decreasing a person's literal response to their thoughts (e.g., understanding that thinking I'm hopeless does not mean that the person's life is truly hopeless), and (3) increasing the person's ability to keep commitments to changing their behaviors

Carbon-neutral - Commitment
In the case of individuals, decision-making is likely to be straightforward, but for more complex set-ups, it usually requires political leadership at the highest level and wide popular agreement that the effort is worth making.

Aviation biofuel - Industry commitments and collaborations
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) supports research, development and deployment of alternative fuels

A group of interested airlines has formed the Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users Group (SAFUG)

Boeing is joining other aviation-related members in the Algal Biomass Organization (ABO).[ First Airlines and UOP Join Algal Biomass Organization], Green Car Congress, 19 June 2008.

Parties to the UNFCCC are classified as:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Classification of Parties and their commitments Parties to the UNFCCC are classified as:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Classification of Parties and their commitments * 'Annex I': There are 41 Parties to the UNFCCC listed in Annex I of the Convention. These Parties are classified as developed country|industrialized (developed) countries and transition economy|economies in transition (EITs). EITs are the former centrally-planned (Soviet Union|Soviet) economies of Russia and Eastern Europe. The European Union-15 (EU-15) is an Annex I Party.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Classification of Parties and their commitments * 'Annex II': There are 24 Parties to the UNFCCC listed in Annex II of the Convention. These Parties are made up of members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Annex II Parties are required to provide financial and technical support to the EITs and developing countries to assist them in reducing their greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and manage the impacts of climate change (climate change adaptation).

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Classification of Parties and their commitments * 'Annex B': Parties listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol are Annex I Parties with first- or second-round Kyoto greenhouse gas emissions targets (see Kyoto Protocol for details). The first-round targets apply over the years 2008–2012. As part of the 2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference|2012 Doha climate change talks, an amendment to Annex B was agreed upon containing with a list of Annex I Parties who have second-round Kyoto targets, which apply from 2013–2020.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Classification of Parties and their commitments , pp.6–7. Other languages [ available.]

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Classification of Parties and their commitments * 'Least developed country|Least-developed countries' (LDCs): 49 Parties are LDCs, and are given special status under the treaty in view of their limited capacity to adapt to the effects of climate change.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Classification of Parties and their commitments * 'Non-Annex I': Parties to the UNFCCC not listed in Annex I of the Convention are mostly low-income

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Classification of Parties and their commitments developing countries. Developing countries may volunteer to become Annex I countries when they are sufficiently developed.

PC power management - UK Carbon Reduction Commitment incentives
With the Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC) regulations coming into force in 2010, many businesses will be required to budget for their emissions of Carbon Dioxide. Organisations will be required to buy allowances to cover their CO2 emissions; top performers will receive financial rewards; and poor performers will be penalized.

The CRC uses electricity consumption as a means for determining which organizations fall under the new regulations, and covers all organizations with an electricity consumption of greater than 6,000 MWh per year (equivalent to emissions of approximately 1,280 tonnes CO2 per year from electricity use). Organizations must purchase allowances to cover all of their CO2 emissions with the exception of transport.

The CRC will incentivise energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions reduction in the non-energy intensive sector of business and industry.

As well as driving supply side measures to reduce the carbon intensity of energy consumed, the CRC will also provide big incentives for demand side energy efficiency. Once quick wins have been identified, attention will become more and more focused on harder to reach energy losses. These include energy losses distributed across organizations due to the organizations physical infrastructure, and also the way it uses energy consuming devices.

By looking at IT operations and energy use, proven energy management tools demonstrate that the CRC target of 4 million tonnes of CO2 emissions reduced by 2020 is readily achievable.

Right to food - Commitment via ICESCR
Parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights have to do everything to guarantee adequate nutrition, including legislating to that effect. The Covenant has become part of national legislation in over 77 countries. In these countries the provision for the right to food in the Covenant can be cited in a court. This has happened in Argentina (in the case of the right to health).: 21; see also : 27-8.

However, citizens usually cannot prosecute using the Covenant, but can only do so under national law. If a country does not pass such laws a citizen has no redress, even though the state violated the covenant. The implementation of the Covenant is monitored through the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.;: 20. In total, 160 countries have ratified the Covenant. A further 32 countries have not ratified the covenant, although 7 of them did sign it.

By signing the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|Optional Protocol to the ICESCR, states recognise the competence of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to receive and consider: Article 1

MITMOT 'MITMOT' ('M'ac and m'I'mo 'T'echnologies for 'M'ore 'T'hroughput) proposal for IEEE n, the high throughput Wi-Fi MIMO standard has been initiated jointly by Motorola and Mitsubishi in order to propose a new PHY and MAC layer specification competing with WWiSE and TGnSync proposals addressing the need for integration of Wi-Fi chipsets into mobile phones.

MITMOT - MITMOT high throughput Wi-Fi IEEE802.11n proposal features
This proposal was motivated by the fact that according to latest market forecasts, in 2009 one third of the mobile phones will be Wi-Fi enabled which corresponds to 200 million units sold per year to be compared to a 70 million Wi-Fi PCs volume

To anticipate and contribute to this change, according to MITMOT proposal summary, it has introduced the following technical features to enable a better support of handsets:

* Built-in support for asymmetric antenna configurations to accommodate various terminal sizes (Phone/PDA/PC) offering a scalable and evolutionary solution using space time block codes

* Exploit the spatial diversity provided by MIMO not only to increase the peak data rate but also to grant range extension for indoor/limited outdoor operation (i.e. SOHO, corporate enterprise networks, and public hotspots)

* Support heterogeneous traffic: increase overall peak data rate without jeopardizing lower data rates modes

* Focus on simple and proved technologies by considering low complexity open-loop MIMO solutions

* Enhance support for low power operation to offer comparable battery lifetime to existing cellular phones with increased throughput efficiency compared to IEEE e

The TGn group of IEEE after having suspended the down-selection process in order to allow the merging of the remaining candidate proposals: WWiSE, TGnSync and MITMOT into a single Joint Proposal (JP), has elected at the January 2006 IEEE Hawaii meeting the resulting proposal containing handset features as the task group draft.

MITMOT - External links and references
* MITMOT IEEE802.11n presentation: IEEE802 standard document [ n] and [ n]

* MITMOT IEEE802.11n specification: IEEE802 standard document [ n]

* IEEE802.11n standard process status:

Goal setting - Goal commitment
People perform better when they are committed to achieving certain goals. Through an understanding of the effect of goal setting on individual performance, organizations are able to use goal setting to benefit organizational performance. Locke and Latham have indicated three moderators that indicate goal setting success:

Goal setting - Goal commitment
# The importance of the expected outcomes of goal attainment, and;

Organizational identification - Differences and Similarities between OI and Affective Organizational Commitment Unfortunately as a whole, attempts to distinguish between OI and affective organizational commitment have not been particularly successful because the majority of both OI and affective organizational commitment research has been concerned with the broadening rather than the narrowing of their respective areas of research.

Organizational identification - Differences and Similarities between OI and Affective Organizational Commitment Nonetheless, Riketta (2005) argued that OI and affective organizational commitment could be distinguished because they differentially relate to several organizational outcomes.

Organizational identification - Differences and Similarities between OI and Affective Organizational Commitment In such studies, OI compared to affective organizational commitment, measured by the affective commitment scale, correlated less strongly with job satisfaction (r = .47 vs

Organizational identification - Differences and Similarities between OI and Affective Organizational Commitment Conversely, when OI was measured by the organizational identification questionnaire (OIQ), the correlation between OI and intent to leave was stronger than the correlation between affective organizational commitment and intent to leave (r = -.64 vs. r = -.56). In addition, OI had a much stronger association with age (r = .60 vs. r = .15), but there were no differences in how both OI and affective organizational commitment correlated with job satisfaction (r = .68).

Organizational commitment
Some of the factors such as role stress, empowerment, job insecurity and employability, and distribution of leadership have been shown to be connected to a worker's sense of organizational commitment

Organizational commitment can be contrasted with other work-related attitudes, such as job satisfaction, defined as an employee's feelings about their job, and organizational identification, defined as the degree to which an employee experiences a 'sense of oneness' with their organization.

Exemplary of this work is Meyer and Allen's model of commitment, which was developed to integrate numerous definitions of commitment that had been proliferated in the literature

Organizational commitment - Model of commitment
Meyer and Allen’s research indicated that there are three mind sets which can characterize an employee's commitment to the organization:

Commitment and social organization: A study of commitment mechanisms in utopian communities

A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment: Some methodological considerations, Human Resource Management Review, 1, pp

research for this commitment component.

Beyond the three-component model of organizational commitment

Organizational commitment - Job/Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction
Job satisfaction and organizational commitment: validating the Arabic satisfaction and commitment questionnaire (ASCQ), testing the correlations, and investigating the effects of demographic variables in the Lebanese banking sector,International Journal of Human Resource Management, United Kingdom, March 2011

Job satisfaction and organizational commitment: validating the Arabic satisfaction and commitment questionnaire (ASCQ), testing the correlations, and investigating the effects of demographic variables in the Lebanese banking sector,International Journal of Human Resource Management, United Kingdom, March 2011.

Results showed a moderate correlation between participants perceiving a calling and job commitment and a weak correlation between perceiving a calling and job satisfaction.Duffy, Ryan et al

Organizational commitment - Other Factors that Impact Job Commitment
The impact of role stress on workers' behaviour through job satisfaction and organizational commitment,International Journal of Psychology, Spain, June 2009.

Empowerment, job satisfaction and organizational commitment: A comparative analysis of nurses working in Malaysia and England, Journal of Nursing Management, United Kingdom, July 2010.

Job insecurity and employability in fixed-term contractors, agency workers, and permanent workers: Associations with job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, US, April 2009.

;Distribution of Leadership:

The relationship between the perception of distributed leadership in secondary schools and teachers’ and teacher leaders’ job satisfaction and organizational commitment School Effectiveness and School Improvement, United Kingdom, September 2009.

Organizational commitment - Shift to Organizational Change Commitment.
Coetsee brought the resistance-to-commitment modelhttp:// of Harvard consultant Arnold JudsonJudson, A

Five rules help to enhance organizational commitment:
Organizational commitment - Guidelines to enhance organizational commitment. Five rules help to enhance organizational commitment:

Organizational commitment - Guidelines to enhance organizational commitment.
;Commit to people-first values: Put it in writing, hire the right-kind managers, and walk the talk.

;Clarify and communicate your mission: Clarify the mission and ideology; make it charismatic; use value-based hiring practices; stress values-based orientation and training; build tradition.

;Guarantee organizational justice: Have a comprehensive grievance procedure; provide for extensive two-way communications.

;Community of practice: Build value-based homogeneity; share and share alike; emphasize barnraising, cross-utilization, and teamwork; getting people to work together.

;Support employee development: Commit to actualizing; provide first-year job challenge; enrich and empower; promote from within; provide developmental activities; provide employee security without guarantees.

Organizational commitment - See also
* Organizational Justice

Organizational justice - Job satisfaction and organizational commitment
Additionally, organizational commitment is related to perceptions of procedural justice such that greater perceived injustice results in diminished commitment while greater perceived justice results in increases commitment to the organization (DeConick, 2010; Cohen-Charash Spector, 2001).

Enbridge - Neutral Footprint Commitment
In May 2009, during Enbridge's annual general meeting in Toronto, then-president and CEO Patrick D. Daniel announced an ambitious plan to stabilize Enbridge's environmental footprint at January 2009 levels.

Resulting from that vision is Enbridge's 'Neutral Footprint' program. Enbridge is committed to planting a tree for every tree removed to build new facilities, conserving an acre of land for every acre of wilderness permanently impacted, and generating a kilowatt of renewable energy for every kilowatt consumed by the company's operations.

As of June 30, 2013, Enbridge had planted 601,830 trees, conserved 51,543 acres of natural habitat, and generated 3,654 gigawatt hours (GWh) of power from renewable sources.

Social cohesion - Task Commitment
Other theorists stress that cohesion comes from group members’ commitment to work together to complete their shared tasks and accomplish their collective tasks or goals.Yukelson, D., Weinberg, R., Jackson, A

Commitment scheme Commitment schemes have important applications in a number of cryptographic protocols including secure coin flipping#Coin flipping in telecommunications|coin flipping, zero-knowledge proofs, and secure computation.

Commitment scheme It is not possible to cheat because as mentioned, commitment schemes are binding.

# the commit phase during which a value is chosen and specified
Commitment scheme # the commit phase during which a value is chosen and specified

This message is called the commitment
Commitment scheme This message is called the commitment

Commitment scheme The terminology seems to have been originated by Blum, although commitment schemes can be interchangeably called 'bit commitment schemes'mdash;sometimes reserved for the special case where the committed value is a binary bit.

Commitment scheme - Coin flipping
Suppose Alice and Bob want to resolve some dilemma via coin flipping. If they are physically in the same place, a typical procedure might be:

If they are not in the same place, this procedure is faulty. Alice would have to web of trust|trust Bob's report of how the coin flip turned out, whereas Bob knows what result is more desirable for him. Using commitments, a similar procedure is:

# Bob flips the coin and reports the result,

# If Alice's revelation matches the coin result Bob reported, Alice wins

Similarly, Alice cannot affect the result if she cannot change the value she commits to.Moni Naor, [ Bit Commitment Using Pseudorandomness], Journal of Cryptology 4: 2 pp

A way to visualize a commitment scheme is to think of the sender as putting the value in a locked box, and giving the box to the receiver. The value in the box is hidden from the receiver, who cannot open the lock themselves. Since the receiver has the box, the value inside cannot be changedmdash;merely revealed if the sender chooses to give them the key at some later time.

Commitment scheme - Zero-knowledge proofs
One particular motivating example is the use of commitment schemes in zero-knowledge proofs.

Commitment scheme - Zero-knowledge proofs
690–728, Commitments are also used in zero-knowledge proofs by the verifier, who will often specify their choices ahead of time in a commitment

Commitment scheme - Signature schemes
The Lamport signature|Lamport signature scheme is a digital signature system that relies on maintaining two sets of secret data packets, publishing Cryptographic hash function|verifiable hashes of the data packets, and then selectively revealing partial secret data packets in a manner that conforms specifically to the data to be signed. In this way, the prior public commitment to the secret values becomes a critical part of the functioning of the system.

Commitment scheme - Signature schemes
Because the Lamport signature system cannot be used more than once (see the Lamport signature|relevant article for details), a system to combine many Lamport Key-sets under a single public value that can be tied to a person and verified by others was developed. This system uses trees of Cryptographic hash function|hashes to compress many published lamport-key-commitments sets into a single hash value that can be associated with the prospective author of later verified data.

Commitment scheme - Verifiable secret sharing
The commitments reveal nothing that can help a dishonest cabal, but the shares allow each individual party to check to see if their shares are correct.

Commitment scheme - Defining the security of commitment schemes
Another such flavour is whether the commitment is interactive, i.e

If the commitment C to a value x is computed as C:=Commit(x,open) with open the randomness used for computing the commitment, then CheckReveal(C,x,open) simply consists in verifying the equation C=Commit(x,open).

Note that no commitment scheme can be at the same time perfectly binding and perfectly hiding - a computationally unbounded adversary can simply generate Commit(x,open) for every value of x and open until finding a pair that outputs C, and in a perfectly binding scheme this uniquely identifies x.

Commitment scheme - Computational binding
Let open be chosen from a set of size 2^k, i.e., it can represented as a k bit string, and let Commit_k be the corresponding commitment scheme. As the size of k determines the security of the commitment scheme it is called the security parameter.

Then for all Uniformity (complexity)|non-uniform probabilistic polynomial time algorithms that output x,x' and open,open' of increasing length k, the probability that x \neq x' and Commit_k(x,open)=Commit_k(x',open') is a negligible function in k.

This is a form of asymptotic analysis. It is also possible to state the same requirement using concrete security: A commitment scheme Commit is (t,\epsilon) secure, if for all algorithms that run in time t and output x,x',open,open' the probability that x \neq x' and Commit(x,open)=Commit(x',open') is at most \epsilon.

Commitment scheme - Perfect, statistical and computational hiding
Let U_k be the uniform distribution over the 2^k opening values for security parameter k.

Commitment scheme - Perfect, statistical and computational hiding
A commitment scheme is perfect, statistical, computational hiding, if for all x\neq x' the probability ensembles \_ and \_ are equal, statistically close, or computationally indistinguishable.

Commitment scheme - Constructing commitment schemes
A commitment scheme can either be perfectly binding (it is impossible for Alice to alter her commitment after she has made it, even if she has unbounded computational resources) or perfectly concealing (it is impossible for Bob to find out the commitment without Alice revealing it, even if he has unbounded computational resources) but not both.

Commitment scheme - Bit-commitment from any one-way permutation
One can create a bit-commitment scheme from any one-way function that is injective. The scheme relies on the fact that every one-way function can be modified (via the Goldreich-Levin theorem) to possess a computationally hard-core predicate (while retaining the injective property). Let f be an injective one-way function, with h a hard-core predicate. Then to commit to a bit b Alice picks a random input x and sends the triple

Commitment scheme - Bit-commitment from any one-way permutation
to Bob, where \oplus denotes XOR, i.e. addition modulo 2. To decommit Alice simply sends x to Bob. Bob verifies by computing f(x) and comparing to the committed value. This scheme is concealing because for Bob to recover b he must recover h(x). Since h is a computationally hard-core predicate, recovering h(x) from f(x) with probability greater than one-half is as hard as inverting f. Perfect binding follows from the fact that f is injective and thus f(x) has exactly one preimage.

Commitment scheme - Bit-commitment from a pseudo-random generator
Note that since we do not know how to construct a one-way permutation from any one-way function, this section reduces the strength of the cryptographic assumption necessary to construct a bit-commitment protocol.

In 1991 Moni Naor[ Citations: Bit Commitment using Pseudorandom Generators - Naor (ResearchIndex)] showed how to create a bit-commitment scheme from a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator. The construction is as follows. If G is pseudo-random generator such that G takes n bits to 3n bits, then if Alice wants to commit to a bit b

*Alice selects a random n-bit vector Y and computes the 3n-bit vector G(Y).

*If b=1 Alice sends G(Y) to Bob, otherwise she sends the bitwise Exclusive disjunction|exclusive-or of G(Y) and R to Bob.

To decommit Alice sends Y to Bob, who can then check whether he initially received G(Y) or G(Y) \oplus R.

However, G(Y) and G(Y') are only able to produce 2n possible values while R and the commitment are both picked out of 23n values in the set of possible 3n-bit values

The concealing property follows from a standard reduction, if Bob can tell whether Alice committed to a zero or one, he can also distinguish the output of the pseudo-random generator G from true-random, which contradicts the cryptographic security of G.

Commitment scheme - A perfectly binding scheme based on the discrete log problem
Alice chooses a group (mathematics)|group of prime order p, with generator g.

Alice randomly picks a secret value x from 0 to pminus;1 to commit to and calculates c = gx and publishes c. The discrete logarithm problem dictates that from c, it is computationally infeasible to compute x, so under this assumption, Bob cannot compute x. On the other hand, Alice cannot compute a x#39; x, such that gx#39; = c, so the scheme is binding.

This scheme isn't perfectly concealing as someone could find the commitment if he manages to solve the discrete logarithm problem. In fact, this scheme isn't hiding at all with respect to the standard hiding game, where an adversary should be unable to guess which of two messages he chose were committed to - similar to the IND-CPA game. One consequence of this is that if the space of possible values of x is small, then an attacker could simply try them all and the commitment would not be hiding.

The commitment is set c=g^x h^r.Pedersen: Non-interactive and information-theoretic secure verifiable secret sharing

Commitment scheme - Quantum bit commitment
It is an interesting question in quantum cryptography if unconditionally secure bit commitment protocols exist on the quantum level, that is, protocols which are (at least asymptotically) binding and concealing even if there are no restrictions on the computational resources. One could hope that there might be a way to exploit the intrinsic properties of quantum mechanics, as in the protocols for Quantum key distribution|unconditionally secure key distribution.

Any such protocol can be reduced to a protocol where the system is in one of two pure states after the commitment phase, depending on the bit Alice wants to commit

One subtle assumption of the proof is that the commit phase must be finished at some point in time. This leaves room for protocols that require a continuing information flow until the bit is unveiled or the protocol is cancelled, in which case it is not binding anymore.A. Kent: [ Secure classical Bit Commitment using Fixed Capacity Communication Channels]

Boris Souvarine - Early Political Commitments
Boris Konstantinovich Lifschitz 'Souvarine' was born in Kiev to a Jewish family. Souvarine's family moved to Paris in 1897, where he became a socialist activist from a young age. He trained as a jewellery designer. And at the age of fourteen came into contact with the French Socialist movement while working as an apprentice in workshops. During this time he began attending meetings held by Jean Jaurès.

Souvarine experienced his first trauma with the outbreak of the World War I|First World War. Mobilised as part of the French army in 1914, he quickly discovered the horrors of Trench warfare and in March 1915, lost his older brother who died fighting on the front-line.

War pushed Souvarine into politics and the pacifist movement

Jimmy Carter - Commitment to equality for women
In October 2000, Carter, a third-generation Southern Baptist, announced that he was severing ties to the Southern Baptist Convention over its opposition to women as pastors

Jimmy Carter - Commitment to equality for women
On July 15, 2009, Carter wrote an opinion piece about equality for women in which he stated that he chooses equality for women over the dictates of the leadership of what has been a lifetime religious commitment

Sigma-Aldrich - Commitment to Corporate Social Responsibility
Sigma-Aldrich has been recognized for its commitment to the community and environment numerous times:

* Dow Jones Sustainability Indices

* Carbon Disclosure Project

Bell System - Kingsbury Commitment
Following a government antitrust suit in 1913, ATT agreed to the Kingsbury Commitment in which ATT would sell their $30 million in Western Union stock, allow competitors to interconnect with their system, and not acquire other independent companies without permission from the Interstate Commerce Commission|U.S

Bell System - Kingsbury Commitment
The Bell trademark pictured here was used from 1921 through 1939 by both the ATT corporation and the regional operating corporations to co-brand themselves under a single Bell System trademark

Hasso Plattner - Commitment to education
Since his retirement from SAP, Plattner has been particularly active as a benefactor in the field of technological research

Since its foundation, Plattner's commitment to the HPI has quadrupled to over €200 million

In October 2005, with a donation of US$35 million, Plattner founded the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford University [

Students of varying disciplines have been charged with the development of user-friendly innovations. Another of Plattner's pledges to promote science was of €10 million to redevelop the library at the University of Mannheim, Germany, given in 2003.

The venture capital fund [ HassoPlattnerVentures], set up with a starting balance of more than 25 million euros, was founded on 1 July 2005 in the German city of Potsdam with the goal of supporting young entrepreneurs in transforming their ideas into marketable products

Charles, Prince of Wales - Livery company commitments
The Worshipful Company of Carpenters installed Charles as an Honorary Liveryman in recognition of his interest in London's architecture.[ Carpenters' Company website]

Glorious Revolution - William seeks English commitment to an invasion
William laid careful plans over a number of months for an invasion, which he hoped to execute in September William would not invade England without assurances of English support, and so in April, he asked for a formal invitation to be issued by a group of leading English statesmen. Gilbert Burnet recorded a conversation at the end of April between William and Admiral Edward Russell, 1st Earl of Orford|Edward Russell:

In May, Russell told William that the English opposition to James would not wait any longer for help and they would rise against James in any event. William feared that if he did not now head the conspiracy the English would set up a republic, even more inimical to the Dutch state. In June, William sent Count Zuylestein to England, ostensibly to congratulate James on the birth of the James Francis Edward Stuart|Prince of Wales but in reality to communicate with William's associates.

Only after the Prince of Wales had been born in June, however, and many suspected he was Supposititious children|supposititious,It was rumoured that he was a baby who had been smuggled into the royal bedchamber in a warming pan, but this is not now taken seriously

The Seven went on to claim that much the greatest part of the nobility and gentry were dissatisfied and would rally to William, and that James's army would be very much divided among themselves; many of the officers being so discontented that they continue in their service only for a subsistence..

William's confidant William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland|Hans Willem Bentinck launched a propaganda campaign in England, presenting William as being, in fact, a true Stuart but one blessedly free from the, according to the pamphlets, usual Stuart vices of cryptocatholicism, absolutism, and debauchery. Much of the later spontaneous support for William had been carefully organised by him and his agents.

In August, it became clear that William had surprisingly strong support within the English army, a situation brought about by James himself

Extreme programming practices - Commitment phase
This phase involves the determination of costs, benefits, and schedule impact. It has four components:

*Sort by Value: Business sorts the user stories by Business Value.

*Choose scope: The user stories that will be finished in the next release will be picked. Based on the user stories the release date is determined.

Within the commitment phase of the iteration planning programmers are assigned tasks that reference the different user stories.

*Programmer estimates the task: Because the programmer is now responsible for the task, he or she should give the eventual estimation of the task.

*Set load factor: The load factor represents the ideal amount of hands-on development time per programmer within one iteration. For example, in a 40-hour week, with 5 hours dedicated to meetings, this would be no more than 35 hours.

*Balancing: When all programmers within the team have been assigned tasks, a comparison is made between the estimated time of the tasks and the load factor. Then the tasks are balanced out among the programmers. If a programmer is overcommitted, other programmers must take over some of his or her tasks and vice versa.

United States Naval Aviator - Service commitment
Because of the costly nature of flight training, Naval Aviators incur a longer minimum active duty service commitment than any other occupation in the Navy or Marine Corps. This service commitment begins on the day the Naval Aviator is winged.

United States Naval Aviator - Service commitment
Student Naval Aviators incur an eight-year active duty service commitment. There was a discussion around December 2012 for Marine Corps SNAs to only incur a service obligation of 6 years. This would tackle the problem of newly minted Majors leaving the service since they had reached the end of their obligation. As of October 2013 this has not yet been implemented.

Clinton Foundation - Commitments to Action
Each CGI member develops a Commitment to Action – a plan to take specific action to make the world a better place. Commitments generally fit within one of CGI’s nine tracks: The Built Environment, Education Workforce Development, Energy, Environmental Stewardship, Girls Women, Global Health, Market-Based Approaches, Response Resilience, and Technology.

Commitments must be new, specific, and measurable, but beyond those three criteria, members have wide latitude to determine which actions to take. CGI then monitors the progress and success of these commitments throughout the year. Funding pledged through commitments does not come through CGI, and is not donated to CGI. Rather, organizations commit to raise and distribute money on their own.

Since 2005, CGI members have made more than 2,300 Commitments to Action, which have improved the lives of over 400 million people in more than 180 countries. .

Disaster recovery plan - Obtaining top management commitment
For a disaster recovery plan to be successful, the central responsibility for the plan must reside on Management#Top-level managers|top management

Business Process Re-engineering - Organization wide commitment
Leadership has to be effective, strong, visible, and creative in thinking and understanding in order to provide a clear company vision|vision.(Al-Mashari Zairi, 1999) Convincing every affected group within the organization of the need for BPR is a key step in successfully implementing a process

Troubled Asset Relief Program - Expenditures and commitments
, $467 billion had been allotted, and $416 billion spent, according to a literature review on the TARP.Wilson, Linus, TARP (October 19, 2012). New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online, Forthcoming. Available at SSRN: Among the money committed, includes:

* $204.9 billion to purchase bank equity shares through the Capital Purchase Program

* $67.8 billion to purchase preferred shares of American International Group (AIG), then among the top 10 US companies, through the program for Systemically Significant Failing Institutions;

* $1.4 billion to back any losses that the Federal Reserve Bank of New York might incur under the Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility;

* $40 billion in stock purchases of Citigroup and Bank of America ($20 billion each) through the Targeted Investment Program ($40 billion spent). All that money had been returned.

* $5 billion in loan guarantees for Citigroup ($5 billion). The program closed with no losses.

* $79.7 billion in loans and capital injections to automakers and their financing arms through the Automotive Industry Financing Program.

* $21.9 billion to buy toxic mortgage-related securities.

* $0.6 billion in capital for banks in Community Development Capital Initiative (CDCI) for banks serving disadvantaged communities.

* $45.6 billion for homeowner foreclosure assistance. Only $4.5 billion had been spent at the time.

The Congressional Budget Office released a report in January 2009, reviewing the transactions enacted through the TARP

The CBO also estimated the subsidy cost for transactions under TARP

Emergency psychiatry - Involuntary commitment
While some patients may initially come voluntarily, it may be realized that they pose a risk to themselves or others and involuntary commitment may be initiated at that point.

Pilot licensing in Canada - Recreational pilot permitmdash;aeroplane
The recreational pilot permitmdash;aeroplane is designed to make flying more affordable. It has fewer requirements with respect to training and affords more restrictive privileges compared to the private pilot licencemdash;aeroplane.

Either the landplane or seaplane aeroplane class rating is included, depending on which type of aeroplane is used in the training for this permit and the appropriate rating is issued with the recreational pilot permitmdash;aeroplane

A pilot with this permit may also act as pilot of an ultra-light aeroplane.

Pilot licensing in Canada - Recreational pilot permitmdash;helicopter
The recreational pilot permitmdash;helicopter was intended to make flying more accessible. It was to have fewer requirements with respect to training and would have afforded more restrictive privileges as compared to the private pilot licencemdash;helicopter.

Pilot licensing in Canada - Recreational pilot permitmdash;helicopter
Due to concerns within Transport Canada about the safety of a 25 hour permit to fly helicopters, the standards to establish this permit were never instituted and the permit is therefore not currently available. Transport Canada has indicated a desire to rescind this permit from the CARs.

French Civil Service - Full commitment to professional activity
A civil servant should devote his full professional activity to his appointed task. By exception, a civil servant may in addition to his regular activities write books; he may also accomplish certain tasks (teaching...) with the permission of his hierarchical supervisor.

Millennium Development Goals - Funding commitment
Over the past 35 years, UN members have repeatedly commit[ted] 0.7% of rich-countries' Measures of national income and output|gross national income (GNI) to Official development assistance|Official Development Assistance. The commitment was first made in 1970 by the UN General Assembly.

Millennium Development Goals - Funding commitment
and videos about MDG targets using Arcade C64 videogames.

Shirley Temple - Corporation commitments
Temple served on numerous boards of directors of large enterprises and organizations including The Walt Disney Company, Del Monte Foods|Del Monte, Bank of America, the Bank of California, BANCAL Tri-State, Fireman's Fund Insurance Company|Fireman's Fund Insurance, the United States Commission for UNESCO, the United Nations Association and the National Wildlife Federation.Edwards 318, 356–7

Gillo Pontecorvo - Political Commitment
Gillo Pontecorvo may be slated as an Italian director, but he is idolized as a Third World Cinema director based on production, narrative, and style through the film, Battle of Algiers

Pontecorvo's next major work, Queimada! (Burn!, 1969), starring Marlon Brando, is another anti-colonial film, this time set in the Antilles. This film also depicts an attempted revolution of the oppressed, with strong anti-colonial message.

Pontecorvo continued his series of highly political films with Ogro (1979), which addresses the occurrence of terrorism at the end of Francisco Franco's dwindling regime in Spain

Loan modification in the United States - Commitment of resources
The comprehensive plan established pursuant to subsection (a) shall require the commitment of funds made available to the Secretary under title I of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 in an amount up to $100,000,000,000 but in no case less than $40,000,000,000.

Loan modification in the United States - Commitment of resources
In a press conference Tuesday, Federal Housing Finance Agency director James Lockhart said the program would target high-risk borrowers — those 90 or more days delinquent on their mortgages — and employ various modification strategies to get borrowers down to an “affordable” mortgage payment, defined as 38 percent of a household’s monthly gross income on a first mortgage payment.[Jackson, Paul

Michael Löwy - Commitments
Löwy is linked to the Revolutionary Marxist current in France, and one of his last books, on Che Guevara, was written in collaboration with Olivier Besancenot, presidential candidate of the LCR (French Revolutionary Communist League (France)|Revolutionary Communist League), a Trotskyism|Trotskist party linked to the Fourth International. He is member of the association ATTAC, of the Copernicus Foundation and of Espaces Marx. He has kept intense political contacts in Brazil.

He cooperated with left currents of the PT, the Brazilian Workers Party, for several years but during recent years his main contact has been with the MST, the Brazilian Landless Workers Movement, to whom he gave the money of the prize “Sergio Buarque de Hollanda” which he received in 2000 for his book The war of Gods. Nowadays Löwy supports Socialism and Freedom Party, an left dissidence of PT.

Löwy has taken part in the World Social Forum since the beginning, where he has presented several papers, one of which was in collaboration with the Brazilian liberation theologian Frei Betto

Interested since his youth by Surrealism -he met the poet Benjamin Péret during a visit in Paris in Löwy joined the Paris Surrealist Group, by invitation of Vincent Bounoure, its main organizer since Two of his books are devoted to Surrealism, in its utopian and revolutionary dimension. Next to his Surrealist activities in Paris, Löwy has strong personal links to Surrealists in Chicago, São Paulo, Buenos Aires, Madrid, Athens, etc.

Western Marxism - Political commitments
Western Marxists have varied in terms of political commitment: Lukács, Gramsci and Louis Althusser|Althusser were all members of Soviet Union|Soviet-aligned parties; Karl Korsch was heavily critical of Soviet Marxism, advocating council communism and later becoming increasingly interested in anarchism; the theorists of The Frankfurt School tended towards political quietism, although Herbert Marcuse became known as the 'father of the New Left'; Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre, Merleau-Ponty and Henri Lefebvre|Lefebvre were, at different periods, supporters of the Communist Party of France, but all would later become disillusioned with it; Ernst Bloch (philosopher)|Ernst Bloch lived in and supported the Soviet Union, but lost faith in it towards the end of his life

Arnold Toynbee - Social commitment
A focal point of his commitment was the slum of Whitechapel, in east London, where he helped to establish public libraries for the working class population

Inspired by his ideas, Samuel Augustus Barnett and Henrietta Barnett founded the first Settlement house|university settlement in 1884, shortly after Toynbee's death; it was named 'Toynbee Hall' in his honour

In 1916, the Arnold Toynbee House in New York was founded by a group of young adults who were part of the Stevenson Club at Madison House and with the help of philanthropist Rose Gruening. Eight years later, the settlement house was renamed Grand Street Settlement.

Pedophilia - Civil and legal commitment
Neither sexually violent conduct nor child molestation is defined by the Act.Barker, The Adam Walsh Act: Un-civil Commitment, available at

In 2012, Moldova reacted to an increase of Western European and United States citizens traveling to the country for the purpose of sex tourism with minors. The parliament of Moldova enacted law that would mandate chemical castration for those who have sex with persons under the age of 15

In Egypt, child marriages are forbidden by law, but the government does little to enforce the ban.

Meanwhile, the United Nations estimates some two million children are trafficked each year.

Mita (Inca) - Mitma resettlement system
The mit'a labor draft is not to be confused with the related Inca policy of deliberate resettlements referred to by the Quechua languages|Quechua word mitma (mitmaq meaning outsider or newcomer), or its hispanicized forms mitima or mitimaes (plural)

Oakland Raiders - Commitment To Excellence
Al Davis coined slogans such as Pride and Poise, Commitment to Excellence, and Just Win, Baby—all of which are registered trademarks of the team.

AS Monaco FC - Commitment
AS Monaco FC is today one of the Ambassadors for Peace and Sport, a Monaco-based international organization, committed to serving peace in the world through sport.

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership - Commitment levels
The RCEP will have broader and deeper engagement with significant improvements over the existing ASEAN+1 FTAs, while recognizing the individual and diverse circumstances of the participating countries.

Federal Reserve responses to the subprime crisis - Citigroup Inc
Federal Reserve responses to the subprime crisis - Citigroup Inc. lending commitment The Citigroup Inc. lending commitment was a commitment to provide non-recourse loan to Citigroup against ringfence assets if losses on asset pool reached $56.2 billion.

Federal Reserve responses to the subprime crisis - Bank of America Corporation lending commitment
The Bank of America Corporation lending commitment was a commitment to provide non-recourse loan facility to Bank of America if losses on ring fence assets exceeded $18 billion

High commitment management - History
Contrary to the top-down leadership practices, high-commitment management took form as leaders engaged and listened to people, allowing ideas from different levels of the organization to push the firm forward.

High commitment management - Self-directed work teams
In a study of illumination in the workplace of Hawthorne and the Western Electric Company, a sociologist from Harvard Business School, Elton Mayo, concluded that when the organization established experimental work groups, “the individuals became a team and the team gave itself wholeheartedly and spontaneously to cooperation.”Mayo, Elton 1984 [1949]

High commitment management - Interview programs
The Hawthorne Experiments sought to determine a correlation between light levels and productivity

High commitment management - Problem-solving teams
The Hawthorne experiment further highlighted that teams working without coercion from above or limitation from below could astonish even their own expectations of themselves

High commitment management - Cross training
Cross training began to be heavily examined through the scope of modern Japanese management in the automobile industry in the 1970s

High commitment management - Difference from other management strategies
High-commitment practices assume natural theories of motivation rather than the considerably different rational theories of motivation.

High commitment management - Employee motivation
For example, Data General, a corporation which advocates High Commitment Practices, manages to make employees love their tasks and grow attached to the corporation so much that many employees elect to work twelve hours, four more than Data General prescribes.Tracy Kidder, The Soul of a New Machine, Contrary to rational management, High Commitment Practices attempt to create scenarios in which employees aspire to deliver their best efforts.

High commitment management - Employee control
While the rational system of management attempts to micro-manage employees, High Commitment Practices greatly encourage independence.

High commitment management - Influence on corporate structure
While the rational system of management maintains distance between executive and lower employees, High Commitment Practices foster good relationship between the two.

High commitment management - Other natural managements
Although both attempt to increase job satisfaction and make employees feel valued, High Commitment Practices seek to make employees feel attached to their institutions while the Human Relations School simply seek to make employees aspire to work because of the satisfaction gained from contributing outputs.

High commitment management - Google
No longer do these high commitment workplaces rely on their CEOs to force the workers to produce, but instead, these workers are self-motivated to bring their best to the company

One company that follows this high commitment model is Google

Walking the Talk: The Impact of High Commitment Values and Practices on Technology Start-ups

And once the company has those people, it “will see a building of ‘self-initiative’ behavior”—one of the important characteristics of people working in high commitment workplaces.Schmidt, Eric

High commitment management - Why do they work?
High-commitment practices have recently become a more and more popular system for companies. Instead of focusing on one higher power “calling all the shots”, a high commitment model is all about personal responsibility, independence, and empowerment of employees across all levels.Wesenberg, Sean. Phone Interview. 18 November 2012

Recently, technology has slaughtered barriers of communication, which makes this high commitment model fit that much better

The High Commitment Workplace: Two Cases from a Hi-Tech Industry

Another focus of high commitment practices is their employee relationships

High commitment workplaces are successful through their importance on an individual’s responsibility in order to help the team prosper. By creating a culture that motivates individuals to want to succeed while sustaining high commitment, “these firms stand out by having achieved long periods of excellence.” Beer, Michael and Russell A. Eisenstat. High Commitment, High Performance: How to Build a Resilient Organization for Sustained Advantage. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Print

High commitment management - Implementation difficulties and disadvantages
While there is substantial evidence that high commitment management practices have many benefits to the efficiency and well-being of the workplace as seen above, there are some disadvantages and difficulties found in the system.

who suggested that the benefits seen from high commitment practices may not be due to the practices themselves, but may result from on overarching system architecture or organizational logic

This may explain why very few firms in the US have comprehensive commitment practices

[ “The Effects of ‘High Commitment’ HRM Practices on Employee Attitude: The Views of Public Sector Workers”], ‘’Public Administration’’, March 2004 Managers may also face difficulty when implementing high commitment management practices as they face a tension between a consistent approach using the same practices throughout the entire workforce or adjusting their practices based on specific needs of different groups

However, even though companies may have high commitment practices, which in itself mean companies will have little employee flexibility, if the nature of the company is such that they embrace change, then it is possible for these to coexist.

Therefore, while there are many benefits proven to exist as a result of high commitment management practices, there are also disadvantages and difficulties incurred by management.

Industrial/organizational psychology - Job satisfaction and commitment
For instance, job satisfaction is strongly correlated with attitudinal variables such as job involvement, organizational commitment, job tensions, frustration, and feelings of anxiety

Subpoena duces tecum - Commitment of witness; contempt of court
A witness who has refused to obey a lawful order to produce books, documents and papers may be properly incarcerated for contempt of court. A writ of habeas corpus will not apply, unless it can be shown the witness could not have legally had possession of such documents. In such a situation the writ of habeas corpus will properly apply, and is the remedy for such improper action.Ex Parte Clarke, California39 Am Jur 2nd Habeas Corpus, § 97

At common law, and under various statutes pertaining to a given jurisdiction, a right to action for damages, or for a statutory penalty or forfeiture, exists against a witness who, without sufficient excuse, fails or refuses to give oral testimony or to produce documents or other specified items in obedience to the command of a properly issued and served subpoena.Cases listed and discussed in 81 ALR 3rd 1297, §§ 3 (b), 8 (a), 9 (a)

There are certain conditions precedent, or defenses, to a recovery of damages for a person's failure to testify, or to provide documents pertinent to a hearing or trial

The Commitments (film)
'The Commitments' is a 1991 comedy-drama film adaptation of the novel The Commitments (novel)|The Commitments by Roddy Doyle

The Commitments (film) - Plot
Jimmy Rabbitte (Robert Arkins) aspires to manage the world's greatest band, with only one music in mind: soul

The Commitments (film) - Cast
The cast were mostly unknown before filming, chosen for musical rather than acting ability.Alan Parker, DVD commentary.

* Robert Arkins as Jimmy Rabbitte, manager. Arkins was initially considered for the role of Deco until the filmmakers discovered Andrew Strong. He sings only in the film's video.

* Andrew Strong as Declan Deco Cuffe, lead singer. His father, Rob Strong, was brought in as a vocal coach and Parker heard his son singing and auditioned him for Deco.Alan Parker, Movie Connections - The Commitments, BBC Television, broadcast Strong was 16.

* Maria Doyle Kennedy|Maria Doyle as Natalie Murphy, backup singer

* Bronagh Gallagher as Bernie McGloughlin, backup singer. Born in Derry, Northern Ireland, Gallagher had to learn a Dublin accent.

* Glen Hansard as Outspan Foster, Guitar.

* Johnny Murphy as Joey The Lips Fagan, trumpet. A number of established musicians were considered, including Rory Gallagher and Van Morrison. Morrison insisted his songs be used in the film.Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais, Movie Connections - The Commitments, BBC Television, broadcast Parker insisted that an established actor mentor the largely untrained cast.

* Dick Massey as Billy Mooney, drums.

* Andrea Corr as Sharon, Jimmy's younger sister, who does not sing in the film.

* Peter Rowan as the skateboarding boy who wants to audition for the band.

* Colm Mac Con Iomaire as an auditioning fiddler.

* Sharon Corr - Fiddle Player (uncredited)

* Caroline Corr - Extra (uncredited)

The Commitments (film) - Reception
The film won the BAFTA Award for Best Film, as well as BAFTA Awards for Best Director, BAFTA Award for Best Editing|Best Editing (Gerry Hambling), and Best Adapted Screenplay. It was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy and for the Academy Award for Academy Award for Film Editing|Best Film Editing.

The Commitments (film) - Legacy
The Commitments was voted best Irish film of all time in a 2005 poll sponsored by Jameson Irish Whiskey and launched a generation of Irish musicians and actors.

The Commitments (film) - Stage production
In 2013, a musical theatre|musical stage production The Commitments (musical)|The Commitments is due to open in London's West End theatre|West End at the Palace Theatre, London|Palace Theatre. The musical is based on the The Commitments (novel)|1987 novel, by Roddy Doyle. Following the books adaption into the movie in 1991, Doyle turned down offers to turn the novel into a musical.

The Commitments (film) - Stage production
Cast of the show include Denis Grindel playing Jimmy Rabbitte, Killian Donnelly playing Deco, Ben Fox playing Joey Fagan, Sean Kearns as Jimmy Rabbitte’s father and Sarah O’Connor, Stephanie McKeon and Jessica Cervi playing The Commitmentettes.

The Commitments (film) - The Commitments (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
'The Commitments (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)', the soundtrack for the film, was released on 13 Aug 1991.[ The Commitments at Amazon.com] Mustang Sally (song)|Mustang Sally was released as a single. Most songs on the album are performed by the cast band, with two by Irish singer Niamh Kavanagh.

The Commitments (film) - The Commitments, Vol. 2
After the commercial success of the first soundtrack album, a follow-up entitled 'The Commitments, Vol. 2: Music From The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack' was released in The album included four more songs from the movie as well as seven additional tracks.

Japanese American internment - Proving their Commitment to the United States
It was not uncommon for the children of Japanese immigrants in the United States to feel an inherited inclination to prove themselves as loyal American citizens

Roots Canada - Philanthropy/environmental commitment
The company has an environmental commitment, which includes using recycled, reclaimed and non-toxic materials in the building of stores; making sustainable products; supporting environmental organizations and related projects

Roots has a Community Support program that provides assistance to charitable organizations including Rethink Breast Cancer, Canadian Blood Services, AIDS Conference, Right to Play, Free the Children, War Child Canada, World Vision, ThinkFirst Canada, Big Brothers and Big Sisters of Canada.

Over the years, Roots has supported Canadian athletes such as Razor Ruddock, Kurt Browning, Alexandre Despatie, Catriona Le May Doan, Eric Lamaze, Jamie Salé/David Pelletier, Ross Rebagliati, Elvis Stojko, The Canadian Speed Skating Team, Adam van Koeverden, Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir.

Firm commitment contract
In investment banking, an 'underwriting contract' is a contract between an underwriter and an issuer of security (finance)|securities.

The following types of underwriting contracts are most common:The Investment Banking Handbook by J. Peter Williamson, 1988, ISBN , [ Underwriting Contracts, p. 128]

* In the firm commitment contract the underwriter guarantees the sale of the issued stock at the agreed-upon price. For the issuer, it is the safest but the most expensive type of the contracts, since the underwriter takes the risk of sale.

* In the best efforts contract the underwriter agrees to sell as many shares as possible at the agreed-upon price.

* Under the all-or-none contract the underwriter agrees either to sell the entire offering or to cancel the deal.

Stand-by underwriting, also known as strict underwriting or old-fashioned underwriting is a form of stock insurance: the issuer contracts the underwriter for the latter to purchase the shares the issuer failed to sell under stockholders' subscription and applications. The Law of Securities Regulation by Thomas Lee Hazen, 1996, ISBN , p. 405.

DICOM - Storage commitment
The DICOM storage commitment service is used to confirm that an image has been permanently stored by a device (either on redundant disks or on backup media, e.g. burnt to a CD). The Service Class User (SCU: similar to a Client–server model|client), a modality or workstation, etc., uses the confirmation from the Service Class Provider (SCP: similar to a Client–server model|server), an archive station for instance, to make sure that it is safe to delete the images locally.

Environmental mitigation - Problems with 'in perpetuity' commitments of land
Commitment of lands to compensatory mitigation must be done 'in perpetuity', meaning permanently into the future

Fairway Market - Environmental Commitment
Along with Fairway’s Red Hook store's being awarded the U.S

Climate commitment 'Climate commitment' describes the fact that climate reacts with a delay to influencing factors (climate forcings) such as the presence of greenhouse gases. Climate commitment studies attempt to assess the amount of future warming that is committed under the assumption of some constant level of forcings. The constant level often used for illustrative purposes is carbon dioxide|CO2 doubling or quadrupling; or the present level of forcing.

Climate commitment - Basic idea
If a wiktionary:perturbation|perturbation - such as an increase in greenhouse gases or solar variation|solar activity - is applied to the climate system the response will not be immediate, principally because of the large heat capacity (i.e., Volumetric heat capacity#Thermal inertia|thermal inertia) of the oceans.

:As an analogue, consider the heating of a thin metal plate (by the sun or by a flame): the plate will warm relatively quickly. If a thick metal block is heated instead, it will take much longer for the entire block to reach Thermodynamic equilibrium|equilibrium with the imposed heating because of its higher heat capacity.

This is why the land surface is observed to warm more than the oceans. It also explains the very large difference in response between

* equilibrium climate prediction Execution (computers)|runs in which only a shallow ocean is used and it is assumed that the climate has come to equilibrium and

* Transient state|transient climate prediction runs in which a full ocean is used and the climate is out of balance.

The commitment can apply to variables other than temperature: because of the long mixing time for heat into the deep ocean, a given surface warming commits to centuries of sea level rise from thermal expansion of the ocean. Also once a certain threshold is crossed, it is likely that a slow melting of the Greenland ice sheet will commit us to a sea level rise of 5m over millennia.

Climate commitment - Models
Recent model (abstract)|models forecast that even in the unlikely event of greenhouse gases stabilising at present levels, the earth would warm by an additional 0.5°C by 2100, a similar rise in temperature to that seen during the 20th century

Climate commitment - History
This is by no means a new idea, the concept is discussed in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC TAR [ and in the IPCC_Second_Assessment_Report|SAR in 1995.

A 'wedding' is a ceremony where people are united in marriage
Commitment ceremony A 'wedding' is a ceremony where people are united in marriage

Commitment ceremony - Common elements across cultures
A number of cultures have adopted the traditional Western custom of the white wedding, in which a bride wears a white wedding dress and veil

The use of a wedding ring has long been part of religious weddings in Europe and America, but the origin of the tradition is unclear

The wedding ceremony is often followed by Wedding reception|a drinks reception then a wedding breakfast, in which the rituals may include speeches from the groom, best man, father of the bride and possibly the bride,[ Rhyming Bride Speech] the newlyweds First dance#Weddings|first dance as a couple, and the cutting of an elegant wedding cake.

Commitment ceremony - Christian customs
Most Christianity|Christian churches give some form of blessing to a marriage; the wedding ceremony typically includes some sort of pledge by the community to support the couple's relationship

Commitment ceremony - Christian customs
Customs may vary widely between denominations

Commitment ceremony - Quaker customs
A Quaker wedding ceremony in a Quakers|Friends meeting is similar to any other meeting for worship, and therefore often very different from the experience expected by non-Friends.

Commitment ceremony - Hindu customs
Hindu ceremonies are usually conducted totally or at least partially in Sanskrit, the language of the Hindu texts|Hindu scriptures

Commitment ceremony - Jewish customs
A traditional Jewish wedding usually follows this format:

*Before the ceremony, the couple formalize a written ketubah (marriage contract), specifying the obligations of husband to the wife and contingencies in case of divorce. The ketubah is signed by two witnesses and later read under the chuppah.

*The couple is married under a wedding canopy (chuppah), signifying their new home together. The chuppah can be made from a piece of cloth or other material attached to four poles, or a prayer shawl (tallit) held over the couple by four family members or friends.

*The couple is accompanied to the chuppah by both sets of parents, and stands under the chuppah along with other family members if desired.

*The couple sip from a glass of wine.

*The groom will step on the glass to crush it, usually with his right foot, ostensibly in remembrance of the fall of the Second Temple.

*At some weddings the couple may declare that each is sanctified to the other, and/or repeat other vows, and exchange rings.

**In Orthodox and traditional Jewish weddings, the bride does not speak under the chuppah and only she receives a ring

**In more egalitarian weddings, the bride responds verbally, often giving the groom a ring in return. A common response is ani l'dodi, v'dodi li (I am my beloved's, my beloved is mine)

:If I forget you, O Jerusalem, may my right hand forget its skill.

:May my tongue cling to the roof of my mouth.

:if I do not consider Jerusalem in my highest joy.

*The ceremony ends with the groom breaking a glass underfoot.

*The couple spend their first moments as man and wife in seclusion (apart from the wedding guests, and with no other person present). This cheder yichud - the room of seclusion (or 'oneness') Halakha|halachically strengthens the marriage bond, since unmarried women are traditionally not alone with an unrelated male.

*The ceremony is followed by a seudat mitzvah, the wedding meal, as well as music and dancing.

*At the conclusion of the wedding meal, Birkat Hamazon (Grace After Meals) is recited, as well as the seven wedding blessings.

In more observant communities, the couple will celebrate for seven more days, called the Sheva Brachot (seven blessings) during which the seven wedding blessings are recited at every large gathering during this time.

Commitment ceremony - Muslim cultures
A wedding is always a happy time for families to celebrate. In the Muslim world, there are colorful, cultural variations from place to place.

According to the Quran, a married Muslim couple, both husband and wife act as each other’s protector and comforter and therefore only meant for each other.

All Muslim marriages have to be declared publicly and are never to be undertaken in secret

In Islam, polygyny is allowed with certain religious restrictions, despite that an overwhelming majority of Muslims traditionally practice monogamy.

It is forbidden in Islam for parents or anyone else: to Forced marriage|force, coerce, or trick either man or woman into a marriage that is contrary to the individual will of any one of the couple. It is also necessary for all marriages commence with the best of intentions.

Commitment ceremony - Chinese cultures
At traditional Chinese weddings, the tea ceremony is the equivalent of an exchange of vows at a Western wedding ceremony. This ritual is still practiced widely among rural Chinese, however young people in larger cities, as well as in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore, tend to practice a combination of Western style of marriage together with the Tea Ceremony.

When the bride leaves her home with the groom to his house, a Good Luck Woman will hold a red umbrella over her head, meaning raise the bark, spread the leaves. This good luck woman should be someone who is blessed with a good marriage, healthy children and husband and living parents. Other relatives will scatter rice, red bean and green bean in front of her. The red umbrella protects the bride from evil spirit, and the rice and beans are to attract the attention of the gold chicken.

Newlyweds kneel in front of parents presenting tea. A Good Luck Woman making the tea says auspicious phrases to bless the family. Newlyweds also present tea to each other, raising the tea cups high to show respect before presenting to each other.

Those who receive the tea usually give the bride gifts such as jewelry or Li Shi money wrapped in red envelope.

Tea Ceremony is an official ritual to introduce the newlyweds to each other's family, and it's a way for newlyweds to show respect and appreciation to their parents

Commitment ceremony - Elopement
Elopement (marriage)|Elopement is the act of getting married, often unexpectedly, without inviting guests to the wedding. In some cases a small group of family and/or friends may be present, while in others, the engaged couple may marry without the consent and/or knowledge of parents or others. While the couple may or may not be widely known to be engaged prior to the elopement, the wedding itself is generally a surprise to those who are later informed of its occurrence.

Nausea (novel) - As a novel of personal commitment
Steven Ungar comparesSteven Ungar in Nausea with French novels of different periods, such as Madame de La Fayette's La Princesse de Clèves (1678), Honoré de Balzac's Le Père Goriot (1835), André Malraux's Man's Fate|La Condition humaine(1933), and Annie Ernaux's Une femme (1988), all of which have scenes with men and women faced with choices and provide literary expressions to concerns with personal identity that vary over time more in detail than in essence.

A main theme in La Nausée is that life is meaningless unless a person makes personal commitments that give it meaning. William Barrett emphasizes that the despair and disgust in Nausea contrast with the total despair of Louis-Ferdinand Céline|Céline (who is quoted on the flyleaf of the French edition) that leads to nothing; rather, they are a necessary personal recognition that eventuate in a release from disgust into heroism.

Barrett adds that, like Alfred Adler|Adler's, Sartre's is fundamentally a masculine psychology; it misunderstands and disparages the psychology of woman

Mattey elaborates further on the positive, redeeming aspect of the seemingly bleak, frustrating themes of existentialism that are so apparent in Nausea: Sartre considered the subjectivity of the starting-point for what a human is as a key thesis of existentialism

In his Introduction to the American edition of Nausea, the poet and critic Hayden Carruth feels that, even outside those modern writers who are explicitly philosophers in the existentialist tradition, a similar vein of thought is implicit but prominent in a main line through Franz Kafka, Miguel de Unamuno, D. H. Lawrence, André Malraux, and William Faulkner. Carruth says:

What is meant by saying that existence precedes essence? It means that, first of all, man exists, turns up, appears on the scene, and only afterwards defines himself. If man, as the existentialist conceives of him, is undefinable, it is only because he is nothing. Only afterwards will he be something, and he will have made what he will be.

If things—and also people—are contingent, if they just are, then we are free and we create ourselves solely through our decisions and choices.

David Drake mentions that, in Nausea, Sartre gives several kinds of examples of people whose behavior shows bad faith, who are inauthentic: members of the bourgeoisie who believe their social standing or social skills give them a right to exist, or others who embrace the banality of life and attempt to flee from freedom by repeating empty gestures, others who live by perpetuating past versions of themselves as they were or who live for the expectations of others, or those who claim to have found meaning in politics, morality, or ideology.

In simply narrative terms, Roquentin's nausea arises from his near-complete detachment from other people, his not needing much interaction with them for daily necessities: the fact of his alienation from others is important; as his own work ceases to entertain and to occupy him, Roquentin has nothing that could distract him from the business of existing in its simplest forms

But, David Clowney writes, freedom is frightening, and it is easier to run from it into the safety of roles and realities that are defined by society, or even by your own past

Nausea (novel) - As a novel of political commitment
Finally, for Sartre, political commitment became Sartre#Sartre and Communism|explicitly Marxist.

Nausea (novel) - As a novel of political commitment
In 1945, Sartre gave a lecture in New York that was printed in Vogue (magazine)|Vogue in July of that year. In it he recast his prewar works, such as Nausea into politically committed works appropriate to the postwar era.

Human rights in Turkey - Commitment to international human rights law
The Republic of Turkey has entered various human rights commitments, some of which are expressed in the 1982 Turkish Constitution, Part Two of which guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms such as the right to life, security of person, and right to property

:*The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was signed in 1949.[ Report of State Party - Turkey by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner of Human Rights, 2001] - See section 84

:*The European Convention on Human Rights (1954) places Turkey under the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)

In October 2009 the European Commission on Enlargement to the European Union attested regarding Turkey that

Evangelii Gaudium - Chapter II: Amid the Crisis of Communal Commitment
The chapter is divided in two sections: the first one, Some challenges of today’s world, deals with economic matters, poverty, and modern culture

Società Idroelettrica Piemontese - Green Commitment
In 2002 Telecom Italia subscribed to the United Nation corporate responsibility initiative Global Compact

University of the People - Haiti commitment
In November 2010, at the Clinton Global Initiative, UoPeople committed to accepting 250 qualified Haitian youth to study free online, helping them access education and develop the skills needed to rebuild their country.

University of the People - Haiti commitment
UoPeople teamed up with local allies to spread the word about the University, screen potential candidates, locate venues for student centers, furnish these centers with computers, ensure electricity and back-up generators and provide satellite internet

Hebephilia - In civil commitment proceedings
Typically commitment decisions are made on the basis of three criteria (a history of sex crimes, some sort of mental disorder and a belief that they are likely to continue offending), and the most common mental disorders used in proceedings include pedophilia, antisocial personality disorder, paraphilia NOS (generally paraphilic rape and hebephilia), substance abuse and unspecified personality disorders

Allen Frances and Michael First believe the proposal to include hebephilia in the DSM-5 was inappropriate; in addition to its potential misuse in civil commitment hearings, they stated the need, rationale and evidence provided were inadequate.

Psychologist Douglas Tucker and lawyer Samuel Brakel stated in another letter to the editor that civil commitment as a sexually violent predator does not require a DSM diagnosis, so long as the clinicians who testify in courts do so in good faith and identify conceptually and empirically meaningful mentally abnormality that is predictive of future sexual violence, irrespective the term used

Forensic psychologist Charles Patrick Ewing defined hebephilia as the sexual attraction of an adult to a pubescent (i.e., sexually mature) person who is under the age of consent and criticized the diagnosis as a transparent effort to ensure [that] eligible sex offenders [who target pubescent teenagers] may be subject to a diagnosis for [civil commitment] purposes

Psychiatrist Howard Zonana believes people should not be declared sexual predators, considering such labels a misuse of psychiatry.Liu, B

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
It is an empirically-based psychological intervention (counseling)|intervention that uses acceptance and mindfulness (psychology)|mindfulness strategies mixed in different ways with commitment and behavior-change strategies, to increase psychological flexibility

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Noam Shpancer describes acceptance and commitment therapy as getting to know unpleasant feelings, then learning not to act upon them, and to not avoid situations where they are invoked. Its therapeutic effect is according to him a positive spiral where feeling better leads to a better understanding of the truth.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy - Basics
ACT is developed within a pragmatism|pragmatic philosophy called functional contextualism

ACT helps the individual get in contact with a transcendence (philosophy)|transcendent sense of self known as self-as-context—the you that is always there observing and experiencing and yet distinct from one's thoughts, feelings, sensations, and memories. ACT aims to help the individual clarify their personal values and to take action on them, bringing more vitality and meaning to their life in the process, increasing their psychological flexibility.

While Western psychology has typically operated under the healthy normality assumption which states that by their nature, humans are psychologically healthy, ACT assumes, rather, that psychological processes of a normal human mind are often destructive

* 'E'valuation of experience

* 'A'voidance of your experience

* 'R'eason-giving for your behavior

* 'A'ccept your reactions and be present

* 'C'hoose a valued direction

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy - Core principles
# 'Cognitive defusion': Learning methods to reduce the tendency to Reification (fallacy)|reify thoughts, images, emotions, and memories.

# 'Acceptance': Allowing thoughts to come and go without struggling with them.

# 'Observing the self': Accessing a transcendent sense of self, a continuity of consciousness which is unchanging.

# 'Values': Discovering what is most important to one's true self.

# 'Committed action': Setting goals according to values and carrying them out responsibly.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy - Evidence
ACT had, as of October 2006, been evaluated in about 30 controlled time series studies or randomized clinical trials for a variety of client problems

As compared to treatments that are already known to be effective, the effect size so far is about .3, which is small. Across the whole empirical clinical psychology literature the average effect size for such comparisons approaches zero, however. All of these comparisons and their effect sizes need to be viewed with caution, because many of the trials are unfunded and are based on a relatively small number of patients; and in some cases might be contaminated by the allegiance effect.

A large and well done trial by a major CBT research team on mixed anxiety disorders that showed superiority of ACT to gold standard CBT on the primary outcome measure has recently appeared however and in that study allegiance effects should have worked in the opposite direction, suggesting that at least some of the effects in favor of ACT are replicable by teams that are skeptical of this approach

In recent years larger and better controlled trials have begun to appear and the number of areas to which it has been successfully applied is growing

ACT is still relatively new in the development of its research base with the randomized trials beginning in earnest only after the 1999 publication of the original book on ACT

Mediation (statistics)|Mediational analyses have provided evidence for the possible causal role of key ACT processes, including acceptance, defusion, and values, in producing beneficial clinical outcomes

The effectiveness of an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy self-help intervention for chronic pain

The method was randomised two group study conducted over a six-week period with some participants required to read the self-help book and complete exercises

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy - Similarities
Get Out of Your Mind and into Your Life: The New Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Santa Rosa, CA.: New Harbinger Publications.

Steven C. Hayes described this group in his Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies|ABCT President Address as follows:

Acceptance And Mindfulness at Work: Applying Acceptance and Commitment Therapy And Relational Frame Theory to Organizational Behavior Management

The emphasis of ACT on ongoing present moment awareness, valued directions and committed action is similar to other psycho-therapeutic approaches that, unlike ACT, are not as focused on outcome research or consciously linked to a basic science program, including more humanistic or constructivist approaches such as Gestalt Therapy, Morita Therapy and Hal and Sidra Stone#Psychology of Selves|Voice Dialogue, Internal Family Systems Model|IFS and others.

Wilson, Hayes Byrd explore at length the compatibilities between ACT and the 12-step treatment of addictions and argue that, unlike most other psychotherapies, both approaches can be implicitly or explicitly integrated due to their broad commonalities

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy - Criticisms
Some published studies in clinical psychology have concluded that ACT is no different than other interventions. A meta-analysis by Öst concluded that ACT did not qualify as an “empirically supported treatment,” that the research methodology for ACT was less stringent than cognitive behavioral therapy, and that the mean effect size was moderate. Supporters of ACT have challenged those conclusions and discussed the limitations of Öst's review.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy - Professional organizations
The Association for Contextual Behavioral Science is committed to research and development in the area of ACT, RFT, and contextual behavioral science more generally. As of mid-2012 it had nearly 5,700 members world wide, about half outside of the United States. It holds annual world conference meetings: The 12th will be held in Minneapolis in June, 2014; the 13th will be held in Berlin in July,

The Association for Behavior Analysis International (ABAI) has a special interest group for practitioner issues, behavioral counseling, and clinical behavior analysis ABA:I. ABAI has larger special interest groups for autism and behavioral medicine. ABAI serves as the core intellectual home for behavior analysts. ABAI sponsors two conferences/year—one in the U.S. and one international.

The Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT) also has an interest group in behavior analysis, which focuses on clinical behavior analysis. ACT work is commonly presented at ABCT and other mainstream CBT organizations.

The British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP) has a large special interest group in ACT, with over 1,200 members.

Buddhism and psychology - Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: The process and practice of mindful change (2nd edition)

Mindfulness in ACT is defined to be a combination of four aspects of the psychological flexibility model, which is ACT's applied theory:

# Cognitive defusion (attending to the ongoing process of thought instead of automatically interacting with events as structured by prediction, judgment, and interpretation);

# Contact with the present moment (attention to the present external and internal world in a manner that is flexible, fluid, and voluntary);

# A transcendent sense of self or self as context (an interconnected sense of consciousness that maintains contact with the I/Here/Nowness of awareness and its interconnection with You/There/Then).

These four aspects of mindfulness in ACT are argued to stem from Relational Frame Theory, the research program on language and cognition that underlies ACT at the basic level

Most ACT self-help books (e.g.,Hayes, S. C., Smith, S. (2005). Get out of your mind and into your life: The new Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.) and many tested ACT protocols teach formal contemplative practice skills, but by this definition of mindfulness, such defusion skills as word repetition (taking a difficult thought, distilling it to a single word, and saying it repeatedly out loud for 30 seconds) are also viewed as mindfulness methods.

Chicken (game) - Pre-commitment
One tactic in the game is for one party to signal their intentions convincingly before the game begins

Chicken (game) - Pre-commitment
Players may also make non-binding threats to not swerve. This has been modeled explicitly in the Hawk-Dove game. Such threats work, but must be handicap principle|wastefully costly if the threat is one of two possible signals (I will not swerve/I will swerve), or they will be costless if there are three or more signals (in which case the signals will function as a game of Rock, Paper, Scissors).

International Day for Tolerance - Article 5 – Commitment to action
:We commit ourselves to promoting tolerance and non-violence through programmes and institutions in the fields of education, science, culture and communication.

Criticism of the United States government - Commitment to foreign aid
Some critics charge that U.S

Criticism of the United States government - Commitment to foreign aid
* 'Environmental policy.' The U.S. has been criticized for failure to support the 1997 Kyoto Protocol.

Clinical behavior analysis - Acceptance and commitment therapy
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Model, processes, and outcomes

Canada's role in the Afghanistan War - 2006 renewed commitments: Operation Archer
In May 2006, the Canadian government extended Canadian military commitments to Afghanistan by two years, replacing earlier plans to withdraw soldiers in 2006.

On 28 February 2006, control of Regional Command South was transferred from U.S. Lieutenant General Karl Eikenberry to Canadian Brigadier-General David Fraser (Canadian)|David Fraser in a ceremony at Kandahar Airfield.

Additionally, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Canada)|Foreign Affairs Canada stated that the commitment was more than just military, employing a whole of government approach, in which a Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT), utilizing personnel from the military, Foreign Affairs, the Canadian International Development Agency and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, would provide a dual role of security as well as reconstruction of the country and political structure.

On 31 July 2006, the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force assumed command of the south of the country and the Canadian Task Force was transferred from the jurisdiction of ARCHER (Operation Enduring Freedom) back to ATHENA (ISAF).

Reality Therapy - Commitment to the plan
The participant must make a commitment to carry out the plan. This is important because many clients will do things for the therapist that they would not do just for themselves. In some cases it can be helpful to make the commitment in writing.Glasser, W. (1980). What Are You Doing? How People Are Helped by Reality Therapy. ISBN

Christian Karembeu - Commitment
Christian Karembeu is a member of the ‘Champions for Peace’ club, a group of 54 famous elite athletes committed to serving peace in the world through sport, created by Peace and Sport, a Monaco-based international organization.[ Peace and Sport]

Christian Karembeu - Commitment
Deeply involved in Peace and Sport’s activities, Christian Karembeu visited Haiti in August 2010 with Founder and President of Peace and Sport, Joel Bouzou, to strengthen the role of sport in the country's reconstruction efforts and attract the attention of the international community to urgent needs that prevail there

Escalation of commitment
Staw: Knee-deep in the Big Muddy: A Study of Escalating Commitment to a Chosen Course of Action

The term has been used to describe the United States commitment to military conflicts including Vietnam in the 1960s s and in Iraq in the 2000s, where sunk costs in terms of dollars spent and lives lost were taken as justifying continued involvement.Barry Schwartz, [ The Sunk-Cost Fallacy, Bush Falls Victim to a Bad New Argument for the Iraq War], Slate.com, Sept

Additionally, irrational wikt:escalation|escalation (sometimes referred to as irrational escalation of commitment or commitment bias) is a term frequently used in psychology and sociology to refer to a situation in which people can make irrational decisions based upon rational decisions in the past or to justify actions already taken

Escalation of commitment - Four main determinants
*Social (peer pressure)

Escalation of commitment - Four main determinants
*Structural (cultural and environmental factors)

Escalation of commitment - Examples
* The dollar auction is a thought exercise demonstrating the concept.

Escalation of commitment - Examples
* After a heated and aggressive bidding war, Robert Campeau ended up buying Bloomingdale's for an estimated $600 million more than it was worth. The Wall Street Journal noted that we're not dealing in price anymore but egos. Campeau was forced to declare bankruptcy soon afterwards.Max H. Bazerman: Negotiating Rationally January 1, 1994 (ISBN ).

Nuclear power in the United States - Over-commitment and cancellations
By the mid-1970s it became clear that nuclear power would not grow nearly as quickly as once believed. Cost overruns were sometimes a factor of ten above original industry estimates, and became a major problem. For the 75 nuclear power reactors built from 1966 to 1977, cost overruns averaged 207 percent. Opposition and problems were galvanized by the Three Mile Island accident in 1979.

Over-commitment to nuclear power brought about the financial collapse of the Washington Public Power Supply System, a public agency which undertook to build five large nuclear power plants in the 1970s

Eventually, more than 120 reactor orders were cancelled,[ Nuclear Power: Outlook for New U.S. Reactors] p. 3. and the construction of new reactors ground to a halt. Al Gore has commented on the historical record and reliability of nuclear power in the United States:

Of the 253 nuclear power reactors originally ordered in the United States from 1953 to 2008, 48 percent were canceled, 11 percent were prematurely shut down, 14 percent experienced at least a one-year-or-more outage, and 27 percent are operating without having a year-plus outage. Thus, only about one fourth of those ordered, or about half of those completed, are still operating and have proved relatively reliable.Al Gore (2009). Our Choice, Bloomsbury, p. 157.

Amory Lovins has also commented on the historical record of nuclear power in the United States:

Of all 132 U.S

A cover story in the February 11, 1985, issue of Forbes magazine commented on the overall management of the nuclear power program in the United States:

The failure of the U.S. nuclear power program ranks as the largest managerial disaster in business history, a disaster on a monumental scale … only the blind, or the biased, can now think that the money has been well spent. It is a defeat for the U.S. consumer and for the competitiveness of U.S. industry, for the utilities that undertook the program and for the private enterprise system that made it possible.Nuclear Follies, a February 11, 1985 cover story in Forbes magazine.

Thymocyte - Positive selection and lineage commitment
Thymocytes which pass β-selection express a T cell receptor which is capable of assembling on the surface

Double positive thymocytes that have a T cell receptor capable of binding MHC class I or class II (even with a weak affinity) receive signalling through the T cell receptor. Thymocytes that have a T cell receptor incapable of binding MHC class I or class II undergo apoptosis. Some thymocytes are able to rescue failed positive selection by receptor editing (rearrangement of the other T cell receptor allele to produce a new T cell receptor).

Lineage commitment occurs at the late stage of positive selection and works by downregulation of both CD4 and CD8 (reducing the signal from the T cell receptor) and then upregulation of CD4 only

Inca Government - Mit'a and mitmaq
While the Inca state exacted taxes in kind—e.g., textiles, grain, wares, etc.-- it also drew upon corvée labor as an important supply of power

Inca Government - Mit'a and mitmaq
The mitmaqkuna were not the only people resettled in the Inca empire, as the state had innumerable communities relocated to less defensible, more productive land in order to both make agricultural production more efficient and reduce the possibility of revolt.McEwan, pp

UNFCCC - Classification of Parties and their commitments
* 'Annex I': There are 43 Parties to the UNFCCC listed in Annex I of the Convention, including the European Union. These Parties are classified as developed country|industrialized (developed) countries and transition economy|economies in transition (EITs). The 14 EITs are the former centrally-planned (Soviet Union|Soviet) economies of Russia and Eastern Europe.

UNFCCC - Classification of Parties and their commitments
* 'Annex II': There are 24 Parties to the UNFCCC listed in Annex II of the Convention, including the European Union. These Parties are made up of members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Annex II Parties are required to provide financial and technical support to the EITs and developing countries to assist them in reducing their greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and manage the impacts of climate change (climate change adaptation).

Shabani Nonda - Commitment
Shabani Nonda is a member of the Champions for Peace club, a group of famous elite athletes committed to serving peace in the world through sport, created by Peace and Sport, a Monaco-based international organization.

Ontological commitment
In information systems and artificial intelligence, where an Ontology (information science)|ontology refers to a specific vocabulary and a set of explicit assumptions about the meaning and usage of these words, then an ontological commitment is an agreement to use the shared vocabulary in a coherent and consistent manner within a specific context

Ontological commitment - Background
The fact that no other people or objects are mentioned seems to limit the “commitment” of the sentence

For example, the sentence involving Napoleon can be rewritten as “any group of people that includes me and the parents of each person in the group must also include Napoleon,” which is easily interpreted as a statement in second-order logic (one would naturally start by assigning a name, such as G, to the group of people under consideration)

the general adoption of class variables of quantification ushers in a theory whose laws were not in general expressible in the antecedent levels of logic

Another statement about individuals that appears “ontologically innocent” is the well-known Geach–Kaplan sentence: Some critics admire only one another.

Ontological commitment - Quine's analysis
Willard Van Orman Quine provided an early and influential formulation of ontological commitment:

The purpose of Quine's strategy is to determine just how the ontological commitment of a theory is to be found. Quine argued that the only ontologically committing expressions are variables bound by a first-order existential quantifier, and natural language expressions which were formalized using variables bound by first-order existential quantifiers.

It has been suggested that the use of meaningful names in nonexistence statements such as “Pegasus does not exist” brings with it an ontological commitment to fictional objects like Pegasus, a quandary referred to as Plato's beard and escaped by using quantifiers.

That is, inversely, there is an ontological commitment of these observational objects to the formal theory

Whatever process one uses to determine the ontological commitments of a theory, that does not prescribe what ontological commitments one should have. Quine regarded this as a matter of epistemology, which theory one should accept. Appeal is made to [concerns of] explanatory power, parsimony, conservatism, precision, and so on.

Ontological commitment - Ontological parsimony
Ontological parsimony can be defined in various ways, and often is equated to versions of Occam's razor, a rule of thumb, which obliges us to favor theories or hypotheses that make the fewest unwarranted, or ad hoc, assumptions about the data from which they are derived. Glock, regards 'ontological parsimony' as one of the 'five main points' of Quine's conception of ontology.

Following Quine, Baker states that a theory, T, is ontologically committed to items F if and only if T entails that F′s exist. If two theories, T1 and T2, have the same ontological commitments except that T2 is ontologically committed to F′s while T1 is not, then T1 is more parsimonious than T2. More generally, a sufficient condition for T1 being more parsimonious than T2 is for the ontological commitments of T1 to be a proper subset of those of T2.

These ideas lead to the following particular formulation of Occam's razor: 'Other things being equal, if T1 is more ontologically parsimonious than T2 then it is rational to prefer T1 to T2.' While a common formulation stipulates only that entities should not be multiplied beyond necessity, this version by contrast, states that entities should not be multiplied other things being equal, and this is compatible with parsimony being a comparatively weak theoretical virtue.

Ontological commitment - Recent controversies
Although there is substantial debate about which expressions are ontologically committing, parties to that debate generally agree that the expressions they prefer are reliable bearers of ontological commitment, imparting ontological commitment to all regimented sentences in which they occur

Inwagen suggested that Quine's approach provided useful tools for discovering what entities were ontological commitments, but that he had not been successful

However, this view has been attacked by Jonathan Shaffer, who has argued that truthmaking is not an adequate test for ontological commitment: at best, the search for the truthmakers of our theory will tell us what is fundamental, but not what our theory is ontologically committed to, and hence will not serve as a good way of deciding what exists.

Ontological commitment is not a matter of what commitments one explicitly recognizes, but rather a matter of what commitments are actually incurred.

Magistrates of England and Wales - Locality and commitment
Until the passage of the Courts Act 2003|Courts Act in 2003 it was necessary for magistrates to live within 15 miles of the commission area for the court in which they sat

Magistrates of England and Wales - Locality and commitment
Magistrates must commit themselves to sitting for a minimum of 26 half days each year. A ‘half-day’ sitting typically lasts from 10am to 1pm or 2pm to 5pm, with new magistrates taking over the afternoon session. On other benches, sittings are organized with magistrates attending to sit for the whole day. Magistrates are expected to attend half an hour before sitting for preparation and a briefing about the case list from their legal adviser.

Bowdoin College - Commitment to action on climate change
Bowdoin College signed onto the American College and University President's Climate Commitment in 2007

Bowdoin College - Commitment to action on climate change
Coordinator of Sustainable Bowdoin Keisha Payson has acknowledged that achieving carbon neutrality by 2020 “might not be realistic.”

Memory overcommitment
'Memory overcommitment' is a concept in virtualization that covers the assignment of more Random-access memory|memory to virtual computing devices than the physical machine they are hosted on actually has

Sony Ericsson M600 - Lack of long term commitment by Sony Ericsson
The M600 is marked EOL (End of Life) less than two years after introduction by Sony Ericsson and therefore is considered a finalized product and will not receive any further firmware updates despite numerous bugs being reported by M600i users.

Brigid of Kildare - Commitment to religious life
The ceremony was performed, according to different accounts, by one or the other of the bishops Mél of Ardagh|Mel (died 487) or Maughold|Mac-Caille (died c

Brigit's small oratory at Cill-Dara (Kildare) became a center of religion and learning, and developed into a cathedral city

Brigit also founded a school of art, including metal work and illumination, over which Conleth presided

There is evidence in the Trias Thaumaturga for Brigit's stay in Connacht, especially in County Roscommon and also in the many churches founded by her in the Diocese of Elphin

Classified information in the United States - Lifetime commitment
Debriefing is an administrative process that accomplishes two main goals: it creates a formal record that the individual no longer has access to the classified information for that program; and it reminds the individual of their lifetime commitment to protect that information

European Financial Stability Facility - Guarantee commitments
The table below shows the current maximum level of joint and several guarantees for capital given by the Eurozone countries

The €110 billion bailout to Greece of 2010 is not part of the EFSF guarantees and not managed by EFSF, but a separate bilateral commitment by the Eurozone countries (excluding Slovakia, who opted out, and Estonia, which was not in Eurozone in 2010) and IMF.

In addition to the capital guarantees shown in the table, the enlarged EFSF agreement holds the guarantor countries responsible for all interest costs of the issued EFSF bonds, in contrast to the original EFSF structure, significantly expanding the potential taxpayer liabilities

(° Estonia entered the eurozone on 1 January 2011, i.e. after the creation of the European Financial Stability Facility in 2010). Greece, Ireland and Portugal are stepping out guarantors, except where they have liabilities before getting that status. Estonia is a stepping out guarantor with respect to liabilities before it joined the eurozone.

Influence: Science and Practice - Commitment and consistency
People have a general desire to appear consistent in their behaviour. People generally also value consistency in others.

Compliance professionals can exploit the desire to be consistent by having someone make an initial, often small, commitment. Requests can then be made that are in keeping with this initial commitment.

People also have a strong desire to stand by commitments made by providing further justification and reasons for supporting them. This pattern of behaviour toward or resulting in a negative outcome is called escalation of commitment.

American Indian Movement - Goals and commitments
AIM has been committed to improving conditions faced by native peoples. It founded institutions to address needs, including the Heart of The Earth School, Little Earth Housing, International Indian Treaty Council, AIM StreetMedics, American Indian Opportunities and Industrialization Center (one of the largest Indian job training programs), KILI radio, and Indian Legal Rights Centers.[ AIMovement].

American Indian Movement - Goals and commitments
In 1970, several members of AIM, including Dennis Banks and Russell Means, traveled to Mt

Leslie Weatherhead - Credo and Commitment
In the summary chapter of The Christian Agnostic, Weatherhead stated what he believed in a sort of twelve-part creed:

'1. God': Weatherhead believed in God, whom he felt most comfortable referring to as Father. Like most Christians, he felt that the Creator was higher on a scale of values, but that God must also be personal enough to interact in a direct relationship with people.

'2

'3. Holy Spirit': As for the Holy Spirit, Weatherhead conceded agnosticism. Few Christians, whom I know, think of the Holy Spirit as a separate Person, he said. His view was that this would equate to worshiping two gods instead of one.

'4. Church': His view of the church was an idealistic one. The church on earth should be a photocopy of the divine original, in which all who loved Christ would be joined together to worship and move forward to the unimaginable unity with God which is his will.

'5

'6. Providence': Webster's defines this as God conceived as the power sustaining and guiding human destinyhttp:// Weatherhead understood that God cared for humankind but that some would find this difficult (since suffering exists in the world). If God is love it would be difficult to deny God's Providence.

Ithaca College - Commitments to action on climate change
Williams signed the American College and University President's Climate Commitment (ACUPCC), pledging Ithaca College to the task of developing a strategy and long-range plan to achieve carbon neutrality at some point in the future

Latin Rule - On the Commitment of Sergeants
67. As the squires and sergeants who wish to serve charity in the house of the Temple for the salvation of their souls and for a fixed term come from divers regions, it seems to us beneficial that their promises be received, so that the envious enemy does not put it in their hearts to repent of or renounce their good intentions.

“(c) Failure to meet transition objectives—
Post Secondary Transition For High School Students with Disabilities - Non-LEA agencies not meeting transition commitments “(c) Failure to meet transition objectives—

Post Secondary Transition For High School Students with Disabilities - Non-LEA agencies not meeting transition commitments “(1) Participating agency failure. If a participating agency, other than the public agency, fails to provide the transition services described in the IEP in accordance with Sec (b), the public agency must reconvene the IEP Team to identify alternative strategies to meet the transition objectives for the child set out in the IEP.

Post Secondary Transition For High School Students with Disabilities - Non-LEA agencies not meeting transition commitments “(2) Construction. Nothing in this part relieves any participating agency, including a State vocational rehabilitation agency, of the responsibility to provide or pay for any transition service that the agency would otherwise provide to children with disabilities who meet the eligibility criteria of that agency.”

Producers Guild of America - The AP Council Commitment Award
The “AP Council Commitment Award” is given to a PGA AP Council member who, in the opinion of the AP Council Board of Delegates, has made extraordinary and long-standing contributions to the Guild. The award is presented to recipients at the Guild's annual general membership meeting.

Cash for Honours - 1997 Labour Party commitments
These commitments were delivered in 2000 with the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000.

Cash for Honours - 1997 Labour Party commitments
In relation to the system of appointment of life peers Labour’s stated objective was to ensure that over time party appointees as life peers would more accurately reflect the proportion of votes cast at the previous general election, a commitment that has since been altered so that the two main parties in the House of Lords should instead have approximately equal strength.

Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle - Commitment to the Corps Franc Africa
Bonnier attended a demonstration of anti-German students on 11 November 1940 at the Arc de Triomphe

Following the landing, Bonnier was one of the first to commit to Corps Franc African training under the initial direction of Henri d'Astier de la Vigerie, former leader of the north African resistance.This training was founded by a resistance group of 8 November

When d'Astier was appointed head of the police as Deputy Secretary of the Interior, the Corps African Franc maintained unofficial relations with the force. Bonnier served as the liaison. He often visited the home of Henri d'Astier, where he also met Lieutenant Father Pierre-Marie Cordier.

Empowerment (Vajrayana) - Commitment
By receiving the empowerment, the student enters into a samaya connection with the teacher. At the level of the anuttarayoga tantra class of practices; the samayas traditionally entail Samaya#Fourteen root downfalls|fourteen points of observance. The vajra master may also include particular directives, such as specifying that the student complete a certain amount of practice.

Andrew Wilkie - Pokies and pre-commitment
In exchange for Wilkie's support, the Labor government gave a commitment to legislate for mandatory pre-commitment technology which would require persons using high-bet machines to pre-commit how much they are willing to bet on a machine before they begin play, as well as introducing $1 maximum bet per spin machines which would not require pre-commitment, which Wilkie argues would be safer

Strategy papers erroneously placed on the Clubs Queensland public website seem to indicate that clubs are deliberately and purposefully exaggerating the impact that the pre-commitment reforms will have on their services

Activist group, GetUp! attempted to counter the anti pre commitment campaign by running political commercials during the NRL grand final but subsequently all three major commercial television stations refused to air more of them.

Haruki Murakami - From detachment to commitment
In 1995, he published The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle, a novel that fuses the realistic and fantastic, and contains elements of physical violence. It is also more socially conscious than his previous work, dealing in part with the difficult topic of war crimes in Manchukuo (Northeast China). The novel won the Yomiuri Prize, awarded by one of his harshest former critics, Kenzaburo Oe, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1994.

The processing of collective trauma soon became an important theme in Murakami's writing, which had previously been more personal in nature

Murakami himself mentions that he changed his position from one of detachment to one of commitment after staying in the USA in His early books, he said, originated in an individual darkness, while his later works tap into the darkness found in society and history.

English translations of many of his short stories written between 1983 and 1990 have been collected in The Elephant Vanishes. Murakami has also translated many of the works of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Raymond Carver, Truman Capote, John Irving, and Paul Theroux, among others, into Japanese.

Murakami took an active role in translation of his work into English, encouraging adaptations of his texts to American reality rather than direct translation. Some of his works which appeared in German turned out to be translations from English rather than from Japanese (South of the Border, West of the Sun, 2000; The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle, 2000s), encouraged by Murakami himself. Both were later translated from Japanese.

Enrique Peña Nieto - 608 commitments
On 15 September 2005, Peña Nieto was sworn as governor of the State of Mexico at the Morelos theater in Toluca

The funds for these and all the other commitments were obtained through restructuring the state's public debt, a strategy designed by his first Secretary of Finance, Luis Videgaray Caso

The PAN concluded by claiming that the current administration was allegedly repairing the unfinished projects of Peña Nieto's past administration, while the PRI insisted that its opposition was pointing out to unfinished projects that were not in the 608 commitments and under Peña Nieto's agenda

Peña Nieto also claimed that he halved the murder rate in the State of Mexico during his time as governor, but retracted this claim after The Economist showed that the murder rate did not diminish and were being measured in a different way.

Promise - Conditional commitment
In loan guarantees, a commitment requires to meet an equity commitment, as well as other conditions, before the loan guarantee is closed.

Involuntary commitment
'Involuntary commitment' or 'civil commitment' is a legal process through which an individual with symptoms of severe mental illness is court-ordered into treatment in a hospital (inpatient) or in the community (outpatient).

The subject of the hearing is typically entitled to legal counsel and may challenge a commitment order through habeas corpus rules..

Historically, until the first third of the twentieth century or later in most jurisdictions, all committals to public psychiatric facilities and most committals to private ones were involuntary. Since then, there have been alternating trends towards the abolition or substantial reduction of involuntary commitment, a trend known as deinstitutionalisation.

Involuntary commitment - Purpose
In most jurisdictions, involuntary commitment is specifically applied to individuals found to be suffering from a mental illness that impairs their reasoning ability to such an extent that the laws, state, or courts find that decisions must or should be made for them under a legal framework. (In some jurisdictions, this is a distinct proceeding from being found incompetent.)

Involuntary commitment - Purpose
Involuntary commitment is used to some degree for each of the following headings although different jurisdictions have different criteria. Some jurisdictions limit court-ordered treatment to individuals who meet statutory criteria for presenting a danger to self or others. Other jurisdictions have broader criteria.

Involuntary commitment - First aid
Training is gradually becoming available in mental health first aid to equip community members such as teachers, school administrators, police officers, and medical workers in recognizing and managing situations where evaluations of behavior might be appropriate

Involuntary commitment - Observation
Observation is sometimes used to determine whether a person warrants involuntary commitment. It is not always clear on a relatively brief examination whether a person is psychotic or otherwise warrants commitment.

Involuntary commitment - Containment of danger
Austria, Belgium, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Russia, Taiwan, Ontario (Canada), and the United States have adopted commitment criteria based on the presumed danger of the defendant to self or to others

This concern has found expression in the standards for involuntary commitment in every U.S. state and in other countries as the danger to self or others standard, sometimes supplemented by the requirement that the danger be imminent. In some jurisdictions, the danger to self or others standard has been broadened in recent years to include need-for-treatment criteria such as gravely disabled.

Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis carriers who refuse to wear a mask in public have been indefinitely involuntarily committed to regular jails, and cut off from contacting the world. Some have ran away from the USA, complaining of abuse.

Involuntary commitment - Deinstitutionalization
Starting in the 1960s, there has been a worldwide trend toward moving psychiatric patients from hospital settings to less restricting settings in the community, a shift known as deinstitutionalization

Since the late 1960s the Italian physician Giorgio Antonucci questioned the basis themselves of psychiatry through the dismantling of the psychiatric hospitals Osservanza and Luigi Lolli and the liberation – and restitution to life – of the people there secluded.

There was a study of 269 back-ward patients from Vermont State Hospital done by Courtenay M. Harding, PhD and associates, about two-thirds of the ex-patients did well after deinstitutionalization.[ The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness 1987 Harding CM, Brooks GW, Ashikaga T, Strauss JS, Breier A.]

Involuntary commitment - United Nations
United Nations UN General Assembly|General Assembly (resolution 46/119 of 1991), Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and the Improvement of Mental Health Care is a non-binding resolution advocating certain broadly-drawn procedures for the carrying out of involuntary commitment. These principles have been used in many countries where local laws have been revised or new ones implemented. The UN runs programs in some countries to assist in this process.

Involuntary commitment - Australia
In Australia, court hearings are not required for involuntary commitment. Mental health law is Constitution of Australia|constitutionally under the state powers. Each state thus has different laws, many of which have been updated in recent years.

Involuntary commitment - Referral for service
The usual requirement is that a police officer or a physician determine that a person requires a psychiatric examination, usually through a psychiatric hospital

Some Australian states require that the person is a danger to the society or themselves; other states only require that the person be suffering from a mental illness that requires treatment. The Victorian Mental Health Act (1986) specifies in part that:

:(1) A person may be admitted to and detained in an approved mental health service as an involuntary patient in accordance with the procedures specified in this Act only if—

::(b) the person's mental illness requires immediate treatment and that treatment can be obtained by admission to and detention in an approved mental health service; and

::(c) because of the person's mental illness, the person should be admitted and detained for treatment as an involuntary patient for his or her health or safety (whether to prevent a deterioration in the person's physical or mental condition or otherwise) or for the protection of members of the public; and

::(d) the person has refused or is unable to consent to the necessary treatment for the mental illness; and

::(e) the person cannot receive adequate treatment for the mental illness in a manner less restrictive of that person's freedom of decision and action.

There are additional qualifications and restrictions but the effect of these provisions is that people who are assessed by doctors as being in need of treatment may be admitted involuntarily without the need of demonstrating a risk of danger. This then overcomes the pressure described above to exaggerate issues of violence, or to [ verbal]statements, to obtain an admission.

Involuntary commitment - Treatment
In general, once the person is under involuntary commitment, treatment may be instituted without further requirements. Some treatments, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), often require further procedures to comply with the law before they may be administered involuntarily.

Involuntary commitment - Treatment
Community treatment orders can be used in the first instance or after a period of admission to hospital as a voluntary/involuntary patient. With the trend towards deinstitutionalization, this situation is becoming increasingly frequent, and hospital admission is restricted to people with severe mental illnesses.

For More Information, Visit:
The Art of Service

MITM https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html.

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "MITM https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html."— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

MITM https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html.

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "MITM https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html."— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback