1. Treatment Technologies
Presented by
Mr. Praveen Nagaraj
CDD Society, Bengaluru
Date: 18/01/2017
Place: Bhagalpur, Bihar
Under Sanitation Capacity Platform (SCBP)

2. We have sanitation challenges!
Sanitation Capacity Building Platform
What is it?
Collaborative effort by NIUA for Mainstreaming Fecal Sludge Management at the state level and national sanitation agenda. Working with Expert Partner organsiations for FSM solutions, upscaling of capacity building and national level advoacy with the NFSSM group.
We can help you!
We have sanitation challenges!
WASHi
ULB

3. What is the current practise of FS Disposal?
Disposed in farm land
Disposed in river or water bodies
Disposed in Solid waste landfill sites??

4. Farm Lands Heavy concentration of nutrients – affect plant growth
High risk of Faecal oral contamination for communities living near farmlands
Transmission through surface runoff or rodents
No single point source for disposal – Regulatory difficulties

5. Water bodies High Risk hazard – Faecal oral contamination
Out break of diseases across population
Eutrophication of water bodies – Impact of flora and fauna and usage of water
Frothing of water bodies – unpleasant smell and visual

6. Treatment What can treatment do?
Reduce Smell and visually displeasing outputs
Stabilising the sludge to reduce health and environmental risks
Dedicated place for disposal – easy to regulate
Revenue generating end products
Public health
Resource recovery – economic ,
Social benefit

7. Factors Quality: Type of containment Quantity estimation Raw material
Frequency
Technology
O&M requirement
End Product
pathogen stabilization
Skill
Active/Passive

8. Technology Options

9. Organic Load Reduction
Treatment – Objectives
Selection of treatment options based on achievement of following objectives
Priority
Pathogen Removal
Organic Load Reduction
Reuse
Highest
Lowest

10. Treatment – Approach 1 2 3 4 5 6 Separation of solids
Sludge stabilization 3
Dewatering / Drying
Sludge percolate treatment 4 5
Disinfection 6
Safe disposal / Reuse

11. Possible Treatment Options
Source: Fecal sludge management systems approach for implementation and Operation, IWA Publications, 2014

12. Solid Liquid Separation and Dewatering
Settling Tanks and Sedimentation Ponds
Sludge Drying Beds
Planted Sludge Drying Beds

13. Settling Tanks and Sedimentation Ponds
Settling tanks provide a liquid retention time of a few hours (to ensure settling of Settleable solids)
Sedimentation ponds provide a liquid retention of few days or several weeks
designed on
Desired depth and
Quantity of accumulating solids
The accumulating solids have to be removed and treated further

14. Sludge Drying Beds
It is a shallow filter tank filled with graded gravel mainly used for dewatering of stabilized sludge
Graded filter media of different diameter used for the depth of 50-60cm depth with the top layer as sand
Approximately 50-80% of the liquid drains of as filtrate and 20-50% due to evaporation
The depth of sludge applied per loading is not more than 30cm
Sludge drying period range of days depending on the temperature

15. Planted Sludge Drying Beds
FS is loaded with layers of sludge that are subsequently dewatered and stabilized through multiple physical and biological mechanisms
The beds consist of gravel/sand/soil filter planted with plants such as reeds, cattails, bulrushes
Liquid fraction flows vertically downwards through media and is collected at bottom and treated separately
Sludge retention time is 2-3 years depending on sludge loading rate TS

16. Stabilization/Treatment
Co-treatment with Wastewater
Co – Composting with Municipal Solid waste
Anaerobic Digestion: Biogas digester
LaDePa pelletizer
Mechanical Treatment Options

17. Co-treatment with Wastewater
Septage addition at the nearest sewer manhole, upstream of STP
Septage addition at STP
Septage addition to Sludge Digesters / Sludge Drying Beds

18. Co – Composting with Municipal solid waste
Co-composting is a mixture of organic solid waste and faecal sludge with pre-defined moisture content (40-60%) at specified condition
Human waste is rich with Nitrogen and moisture content; solid waste has high organic carbon content
Co – composting of Faecal Sludge and organic solid waste range from 1: 2 – 1:10 depending on the Faecal Sludge characteristics and its water content

19. Anaerobic Digestion
This process ensure effective sludge digestion and stabilization
During digestion:
Organic matter is converted to biogas
The stabilized sludge (digestate) utilized as soil conditioner
The SRT is maintained for days
Removal of accumulated solids from the digester remain a challenge

20. Mechanical Treatment Options
The technologies used to treat wastewater sludges are also applicable for Faecal Sludge namely:
Belt Filter Press
Screw Press
Centrifuge
Advantages of mechanical treatment options include compactness and speed of the process
Limitations of mechanical treatment options include high investment costs, O&M and electricity requirements

21. Mechanical Treatment Options

22. LaDePa pelletizer
Modifying a commercially available pyrolysis unit and adding dewatering and water treatment units.
Pyrolysis is a process which decomposes matter using heat in the absence of oxygen.

23. LaDePa Pelletizer

24. LaDePa
Lets visit South Africa to see how they have mechanised faecal sludge treatment

25. Lime Treatment
Objective of lime addition is to achieve reduction of pathogens, odor and degradable organic matter
The level of digestion depends on the degree of the initial stabilisation of FS, the temperature, and on the retention time inside the tank
As per the experience in order to achieve the desired results, it is proposed to 5 kg of lime per cum of sludge

26. Geo-tube bags
Geo bags are porous tubular containers fabricated with high strength woven geo-textiles (polyethylene material) mainly used for dewatering sludge .
Bags will help to achieve the capture of 98% of solids from the sludge
Polymer will added to increase the solid settling
Filtrates from the container should be collected and treated properly before discharge

27. Anaerobic based approach for Faecal sludge treatment
Faecal Sludge/Septage
Screen Chamber
Sand and grit removal
Settling Tank
Separation - free water
Anaerobic digester
Stabilization
Liquid-solid separation
Solids
Liquid
Disposal
Liquid Treatment
Effluent is discharged into agricultural fields, drain or water body
DEWATS
Unplanted drying bed
Dewatering
Co-composting
Disinfection
Enriching fertilizer value
Regular operator is required. O&M is simple
Capital cost is high and recurrent cost is minimal
Large area requirement (UG+OG)
Suitable for large quantity (20cum)
Good treatment efficiency
Regular feeding is not a issue
End product is compost. Can be used as soil conditioner
Cost- INR: 25,000-40,000/cum

28. Mineralization based approach for Faecal sludge treatment
Faecal Sludge/Septage
Screen Chamber
Sand and grit removal
Planted Drying beds
Stabilization
Co-composting
Dewatering
Solids
Liquid
End product is compost. Can be used as soil conditioner
Disposal
Liquid Treatment
Effluent is discharged into agricultural fields, drain or water body
DEWATS
Disinfection
Commonly practiced technique due to simplicity
Moderate capital cost, Low recurring cost
Large area requirement
Good treatment efficiency
Location of the treatment system may be an issue – odor, flies
Operation and mainatainace may be an issue – acceptance
Regular feeding may be an issue
Cost- INR: 40,000-60,000/cum

29. Anaerobic Digestion and Drying beds
Lets visit a treatment plant in Thailand to see how anaerobic digestion and drying beds are used in series for Faecal sludge treatment

30. Criteria: Selection of Technology
Quality and Quantity of FS
Land Availability / Location
O&M Availability
CAPEX / OPEX
End use requirement / Business model
Short term vs Long term
Climatic conditions

31. END USE

32. Key considerations People’s needs and preferences (socio-cultural);
Local materials, products and skills;
Economic viability;
Additional barriers;
Regulatory aspects

33. Soil Conditioner and Fertilizer in Agriculture Protein for animal feed
End Use Methodologies
END - USE Methodology
DESCRIPTION
Soil Conditioner and Fertilizer in Agriculture
Treated faecal sludge and urine can be applied to soil to improve plant growth by a) increasing nutrients b) improving the physical structure of the soil.
Biogas
Faecal sludge is mixed with organic waste to produce biogas and digestate. Biogas is used as energy source for lighting and boiling
Solid Fuel
Dried faecal sludge can replace other fuels such as wood and charcoal, which are more expensive and damaging to the local environment
Protein for animal feed
Animals such as larvae feed on faecal sludge and provide a protein source for farm animals and fish
Aquaculture
Faecal sludge is fed to aquatic organisms such as fish and aquatic plants. These aquatic organisms can then be eaten directly used as animal feed or used as fertilizers

34. Thank You
CDD Society Survey No.205 (Opp. Beedi Workers Colony) Kommaghatta Road, Bandemath Kengeri Satellite Town Bangalore , India Tel/Fax: +91-(0) 80 –
National Institute of Urban Affairs
Core 4B, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road
New Delhi ,