1. Class Osteichthyes
bony fish have skeletons made of bone
Bony fish include ray-finned and lobe-finned fish.

3. Order Sarcopterygii
Lobe-fins are paired pectoral and pelvic fins that are round in shape.
not as maneuverable as ray-fins
able to support weight
Only7 species exist today.
lobe fin
Coelacanths
Were considered extinct until 1938
lungfish
Can remained buried in the mud for up to two years

4. Tuna Goldfish Guppies bass Order Actinopterygii
Ray-finned fish have fins supported by a fan-shaped array of bones.
embedded in a thin layer of skin and connective tissue
light, collapsible, and easy to move
Tuna
Goldfish
Guppies
bass

5. Some ray-finned fish have both lungs and gills.
can breathe air and survive out of water for several hours at a time
example: bichir found in West Africa

6. Ray-finned fish have a variety of body plans.
elaborate camouflage (sea dragon)

7. Bony fish have skeletons made of bone.
operculum protects a bony fish’s gills
movements of operculum help bony fish move water over gills
eye
.mouth
. operculum

9. tuna
Body shape
1) fusiform a) = torpedo-shaped b) allows minimal drag while swimming c) best shape for a pelagic cruise

11. 2) compressed
laterally flattened (e.g., butterflyfishes & surgeonfishes)
allows for maneuverability in surge environments
useful for demersal fishes that hover above the reef
exception seen in flatfishes that lie on one side of the body as benthic fishes

12. 3) elongated or attenuated
long body (e.g., trumpetfish, cornetfish, eels)
seen in demersal fish that either hover motionless in the water)
seen also in benthic fishes (e.g., eels) that hide in holes in the reef

13. 4) depressed
dorso-ventrally flattened (e.g., frogfishes, scorpionfishes & gobies)
broad ventral surface facilitates resting on the bottom
seen in many benthic fishes

14. Body Coloration 1) source of color
pigment color - chromatophores for yellows, reds, oranges, browns, & blacks
structural color - iridophores (reflection) & light refraction for blues, silvers, & rainbows

15. Patterns
a) countershading
dark blue or black dorsally, white or silvery ventrally
results in blue water "camouflage“
observed most frequently in pelagic cruisers

16. b) camouflage
matching the background coloration
usually involves having irregular dark blotches and spots
typically seen in benthic fishes, especially benthic ambush predators (e.g., frogfishes, gobies, & many scorpionfishes)
some fishes (e.g., flatfishes) may exhibit rapid color changes in response to different backgrounds

17. 5) matching downwelling light
b) camouflage, cont.
5) matching downwelling light
Hatchet fish
Cookie cutter shark

18. c) disruptive coloration
1) color pattern breaks up the silhouette of the fish
2) may involve dark bars across the eye and tail region
3) seen in many demersal fishes such as butterflyfishes

19. d) bars and stripes
1) bars are vertical (e.g., manini)
2) stripes are horizontal (e.g., ta'ape)
3) seen frequently in schooling demersal fishes
4) may confuse potential predators by making it difficult to select individual
prey from the school

21. e) misdirection
1) false eye spots, etc.
2) observed in many demersal butterflyfishes

22. f) advertising coloration 1) bright, obvious color patterns
2) possible functions
a) advertising a cleaning station (e.g., cleaner wrasses)
b) advertising a warning (e.g., nohu)
c) advertising for mates (e.g., male parrotfishes)
Hawaiian cleaner
wrasse
Nohu

24. g) mimicry
1) imitating other creatures
2) seen in a few demersal and benthic fishes
3) examples
a) blenny (Aspidontus taeniatus) mimics
cleaner wrasses
b) shortnose wrasse mimics Potter's angel which sports a defensive spine

25. g) mimicry
4) leafy sea dragon (Australia)
                                     

27. h) uniform red coloration
most often observed in deep-dwelling or night active fishes
examples include aweoweo & squirrelfishes

28. i) noctural versus diurnal color changes
j) male versus female color differences
k) juvenile versus adult color differences
Dragon wrasse
Stoplight parrotfish
Bluehead wrasse

30. Scale and caudal fin types

31. Fish Scales
Fig

32. Fish Age and Growth by Scales
Use growth rings
Annulus
3 growth rings
on this scale
Fish is 3 years
old, going on 4
3 yr old age class

33. Caudal Fin Shape

34. Mouth continued`

35. Mouth DO NOT COPY!! Different shapes and positions
Superior - mouth oriented up fish often a surface feeder
Terminal - mouth at anterior end, often a midwater feeder
Inferior - mouth oriented downward, often a bottom feeder
Subterminal- mouth underneath fish, bottom feeder
Protrusible - mouth can alter shape to be more useful in suction feeding, can be seen in any of the above but less common among inferior mouths

36. Design a fish
You will be given a piece of paper with four different fish to draw. Use the information here to do that.

37. Mouth adaptations Inferior Terminal Down turned Feeds on the bottom
Placed at the middle/end of the head
Chase their food
Aggressive predators
Inferior
Down turned
Feeds on the bottom
Often scavenges or grazes

38. Coloration adaptations
Superior Position
Upturned and near the top
Typically a predator or strainer
Coloration adaptations
Banded/ Barred
striped

39. Spotted/ Speckled
Counter shading
Bright colors

40. Compressed long torpedo-shaped bodies flattened bodies (plaice)
Fusiform – round/torpedo Fast in open water

41. Pectoral Fin Adaptation
Globe form
Pectoral Fin Adaptation
Truncate
Elongated
Depressed

42. Reproduction is external*
Females spawn – shed eggs from their bodies into a nest
Nest are hollows in the floor of lakes, steams, rivers or the ocean
Males milt – release sperm containing fluid over the eggs
Many species have special locations called spawning grounds where they return to mate
Spawning is ineffective in that small percentages of eggs are fertilized or develop
Small fish that hatch are call fry
A few species such as guppies, mollies and swordtails are live-bearers (eggs are fertilized internally)

44. Reproduction* Anadromous fish
Fish that return to their spawning rivers from the ocean at certain seasons for breeding in fresh water
Born in small streams, mature in the ocean, use smell or magnetic field to return to stream where they hatched- thousands of miles, length of time spent in stream after hatching and length of time in ocean varies
Salmon

45. Semelparous Anadromous fish* All die after reproducing
Pacific Salmons; King, Silver, Sockeye, Chum, Pink

46. Can spawn multiple times Atlantic Salmon, Steelhead (rainbow trout)
Anadromous fish*
Iteroparous
Can spawn multiple times
Atlantic Salmon, Steelhead (rainbow trout)

49. Reproduction continued*
Catadromous
Fish live in fresh water
Breed and spawn in the sea
Eel

51. Reproduction- Starting to get Weird
Parthenogenesis*
Females produce fertile eggs without fertilization
This may occur in multiple species of fish
Also can happen in other reptiles, amphibians, birds, and lower organisms
Not common

52. Reproduction Craziness
When the dominant male of group dies, largest female becomes the male
Reproduction Craziness
Breeding female is the largest of the group
When it dies, the male becomes the breeding female
The largest juvenile becomes the male
Remain member of the group stay in as juveniles

53. Reproduction Craziness*
Capable to switch back and forth from male to female
Bluehead Wrasse

54. Reproduction Craziness
Begin the spawn as females and end the spawn as males
Some Sea Bass species
Breeding female is the largest of the group*
When it dies, the male becomes the breeding female
The largest juvenile becomes the male
Remain member of the group stay in as juveniles

55. Reproduction Craziness continued
When fish switch sexes
Can occur once or switch back and forth multiple times
Length of time required varies from a few hours to a few days
Male jawfish with eggs in its mouth

56. Reproduction Craziness continued
Asexual Fish
Some fish species normally have both male and female reproductive organs

57. Reproduction Craziness
Have two distinct types of males, one takes longer to mature and grows larger, builds and protects nests, hums to attract females; other is smaller, matures quicker, not involved in any courtship, sneaks into nests to mate
Midshipman

59. Growth and Maturation
General pattern
Egg
Larva
Juvenile
Adult
May go through Metamorphosis
Transformation form larval stage to adult
Tadpole to Frog

60. Age and Size at Maturation
Older
More eggs
May die first
Younger
Fewer eggs
Reduced growth
Weaker state if they reproduce
Fish under heavy pressure reproduce sooner

61. No swim bladder then will sink to the bottom if they stop swimming
Swim (or Air) Bladder
Hollow, gas-filled balance organ that allows a fish to conserve energy by maintaining neutral buoyancy (suspending) in water
Fish caught from very deep water (walleye, lake trout) sometimes need to have air released from their swim bladder before they can be released and return to deep water, due to the difference in atmospheric pressure at the water’s surface
No swim bladder then will sink to the bottom if they stop swimming
Primitive Lung?

62. Site of gas exchange in fish (think lungs)
Gills
Site of gas exchange in fish (think lungs)
Water comes in through mouth and out past gills
Oxygen in and carbon dioxide out
Water has much less O2 than does air
Water needs to be MOVING through gills

63. Gills continued

64. Gills continued

65. A .swim bladder helps a fish float higher or lower in the water.

66. Fish are able to hear Ear bones
Ears*
Fish are able to hear
Ear bones
Otolith in inner ear helps with gravity, balance, movement, and directional indicators
Semi circular canals
Ossicle
Modified vertebrae connecting inner ear to swim bladder increases hearing greatly
Hard to find
Not present in all fish

69. Kidneys*
Filters liquid waste materials from the blood
Wastes are then passed out of the body
Extremely important in regulating water and salt concentrations within the fish’s body
Osmoregulation
Allows certain fish species to exist in freshwater or saltwater, and in some cases) both

70. Osmoregulation

71. More Osmotic Regulation

72. Osmotic Regulation Review
Freshwater fish
Water is always be absorbed
Have to secrete copious amounts of dilute urine
Saltwater fish
Water is always leaving fish
Drink lots of water
Little urine (usually)
Gills pump out most salt

73. Stomach and Intestines*
Break down (digest) food and absorb nutrients
Piscivorous (eat other fish) have fairly short intestines because such food is easy to chemically break down and digest
Herbivorous (eat plants) require longer intestines because plant matter is usually tough and fibrous and more difficult to break down into usable components

74. Pyloric Caeca*
Organ with fingerlike projections located near the junction of the stomach and the intestines
Function is not entirely understood, but it is known to secrete enzymes that aid in digestion
May function to absorb digested food, or do both

75. Vent*
Site of waste elimination from the fish’s body

76. Liver*
Assists in digestion by secreting enzymes that break down fats
Also serves as a storage area for fats and carbohydrates
Important in the destruction of old blood cells and in maintaining proper blood chemistry, as well as playing a role in nitrogen (waste) excretion

77. Heart*
Circulates blood, nutrients, and wastes throughout the body

78. Gonads (reproductive organs)*
Adult females, the bright orange (generally) mass of eggs is unmistakable during the spawning season, but is still usually identifiable at other times of the year
*The eggs (or roe) of certain fish are considered a delicacy, as in the case of caviar from sturgeon 
Adult male organs, which produce milt for fertilizing the eggs, are much smaller and white but found in the same general location

79. Muscle*
Provide movement and locomotion
The fillet of the fish
White Muscle
Red Muscle

80. White Muscle*
Short duration
Quick fatigue
Bursts of power (escape/capture prey)
Few Mitochondria
Mostly Anaerobic (not enough O2)
Takes a long time to recover

81. Red Muscle*
Sustained swimming
Hard to fatigue at slow cruising speeds
Many Mitochondria
Usually Aerobically (has O2 to use)
Recovers quickly
Canned Tuna

82. Spiny Rayed

83. Soft Rayed Anatomy

84. Movement*
Aquatic movement vs. Terrestrial movement
Terrestrial movement works against gravity and air friction
Aquatic movement works against density of water and drag of water

86. Inflatable Fish Porcupinefish: Pufferfish:
When threatened, swell by filling body with water
Become too large for the predator to swallow.
Spiny covering is another defense.
Pufferfish:
Inflates when threatened
Large black spot near the tail draws predator’s attention away from the its head and allows escape.

87. The Beautiful Lionfish:
Toxic Fish
The Beautiful Lionfish:
Sharp spines are coated with a poisonous mucous
Capable of delivering a painful sting.
The venom of some is strong enough to kill a man.
The Ugly Stonefish:
stone-like appearance is an excellent camouflage
Has sharp, venomous spines that contain enough poison to kill a man.

88. Sea Horses
Male seahorses carry fertilized eggs in a special abdominal pouch until they hatch.
each day a seahorse can consume up to 3,000 brine shrimp
seahorses have no teeth and swallow their food whole

89. Seahorse Anatomy
coronet: is nearly as distinctive as a human thumbprint dorsal fin: moves fish forward pectoral fins: control turning and steering eyes: each eye moves independently

90. Moray Eel: Electric Eels:
Dangerous Fish
Moray Eel:
one of the largest eel species.
feed mainly on fish.
razor sharp teeth
can remove the fingers of divers.
Electric Eels:
Electric eels are not true eels. They are related to catfish and carp
found in South America.
Electric eels produce more electricity than any other living creature.
Can disable a cow, stun a man or horse, light a neon lamp, or drive a small motor.

91. Hidden Fish Scorpionfishes: Leafy Sea Dragon: species of seahorse
camouflaged by leafy extensions which resemble seaweed.
feed mainly on small shrimps
Scorpionfishes:
camouflaged by bizarre appearance
Use camouflage to ambush prey
numerous venomous spines cover their bodies.

92. Frogfish: Anglerfish:
Fish that ‘fish’
Frogfish:
camouflaged by appearance.
modified dorsal spine with a fleshy growth at the end.
lie motionless and use this spine like a fishing rod.
curious fish are swallowed up by large, powerful jaws.
Anglerfish:
lives deep on the ocean floor
eats crustaceans and smaller fishes.
uses a bioluminescent lure on the end of its "fishing pole".
Lure resembles bioluminescent bacteria which other fish eat.
Above: frogfish;
Left and below: anglerfish

93. Flying Gurnards Atlantic Flying Fish Flying Fish
large, wing-like pectoral fins.
do not actually fly.
Their large fins help them to swim low over the sand as they search for food.
Atlantic Flying Fish
large pectoral fins and long tail fin
"leap" or "glide" like flying squirrels over the water surface.

94. Deep Ocean Fish
Angler fish, Hatchet fish, viper fish

95. Orange Roughy Live to be 150 years old
Don’t reproduce until 25 or 30 years old
Live up to one mile deep