1. Faecal Sludge Management for Indian Towns
By CDD Society
21st September, 2016

2. 1. Introduction to CDD
2. FSM in India : The Challenge
3. Faecal Sludge Treatment
4. Other Thoughts for FSM

3. CDD : Introduction Est. 2002 70 Professionals 21 Partner Orgs.
Decentralized Solutions
Technical Training
Consulting Services
Wastewater Treatment
Faecal Sludge Mgmt
Research and Knowledge
400+ DEWATS designed
Labs, Classrooms, Models
650+ Engineers Trained
Resource Center, MDWSS
10+ FSTPs designed globally

4. 1. Introduction to CDD
2. FSM in India : The Challenge
3. Faecal Sludge Treatment
4. Other Thoughts for FSM

5. Options
All cities need combination of approaches—no single system can reach 100% of households of a town or city
Approach
Notes
CapEx per Capita
1. Centralized Sewerage Systems
Difficult and disruptive
Many failed / partial treatment
Suitable for large, dense cities
Rs 12,000-25,000
[pop 200,000=
Rs 300Cr]
2. De-centralized Wastewater Treatment Systems
Implement in phased manner
Local re-cycling of water
Regulations—private parties invest
Rs 6,000-8,000
[Rs 120Cr]
3. Faecal Sludge Management
Very simple, quick and low cost
Need good logistics operations
Technical skills not easily available
Rs 600-1,000
[Rs 16 Cr]

6. Shit Flow Diagram : Today
Containment
Emptying
Transport
Treatment
Reuse/
Disposal
1.4%
0.1%
Centralized System (12%)
Decentralized systems (2%)
Legally dumped (9%)
Effectively Treated (1.4%)
Not Effectively Treated (6%)
14% WC
36%
On-Site Facility
Safely Emptied (31%)
Safely Abandoned (0.09%)
Illegally dumped (22%)
Effectively Treated (6%) 6%
50% 5%
13%
22%
Domestic Environment
Receiving Waters
Agriculture field
93%
Not Effectively
Treated (0.6%) 7%
Not Effectively Treated (9.21%)
Un-Safely Emptied (5%)
50%
OD / Open Discharge
Data Source Census 2011

7. SFD : Urban India, 2020 Containment Emptying Transport Treatment
Reuse/
Disposal 5% 2%
Centralized System (20%)
Decentralized systems (6%)
Legally dumped (12%)
Effectively Treated (5%)
Not Effectively Treated (3%)
26% WC
59%
On-Site Facility
Safely Emptied (52%)
Safely Abandoned (2%)
Leakages (5%)
Illegally dumped (40%)
Effectively Treated (12%)
12% 7%
15%
34%
20% 5%
Domestic Environment
Receiving Waters
Agriculture field
81%
Not Effectively
Treated (1%)
19%
Not Effectively Treated (30%)
Un-Safely Emptied (7%)
15%
OD / Open Discharge

11. FSM Value Chain
By 2020, 60%+ of Indian toilets will have on-site storage, not sewers
We need better than World-Class FSM Solutions

12. 1. Introduction to CDD
2. FSM in India : The Challenge
3. Faecal Sludge Treatment
4. Other Thoughts for FSM

13. De-sludging Services (Trucks)
FSM =
De-sludging Services (Trucks)
Treatment
(FSTP)
Trained Operators
Prompt Service
GPS Tracking
Meet Standards
Re-use by-products
Scheduled Cleaning
Customer Service
Reporting to ULB
GIS Maps
Control Center
Policy and Enforcement

14. Treatment Plant : Key Considerations
Close to de-sludging areas (area required)
Easily accessible location
Deal with variable daily quantity / characteristics
Low cost (and simple) to operate
Clean and Odourless (NIMBY)
Scalable and Modular

15. Devanahalli, Karnataka
Location Devanahalli, 39km NE of Bangalore
Population ~32,000
Area Sq. Km. (5x Central Park, NY)
Toilets 6,400 (90% with Tanks/Pits)
Wat-San Status Little water and No sewer system
Very supporting TMC!

16. The Site

17. The Site

18. The Treatment Plant

19. The Treatment Plant

20. Treatment Plant 500,000 Liters Treated
Capacity: 20,000 people (7,000 LPD)
CapEx: Rs. 80 Lacs (Rs 400 / capita)
OpEx: Rs Lacs / Year (Rs 60 / capita / year)
Area: 600m2
500,000 Liters Treated

21. Odourless │ Beautiful │ Simple │ Re-use │ MIHOP
The Treatment Process
Anaerobic Treatment
Odourless │ Beautiful │ Simple │ Re-use │ MIHOP

22. Further Improvements Quicker Drying (solar heating, turning)
Reduce drying bed area (mechanical)
Meet new BOD standards (<10; bacteria cultures)
Improve compost quality (co-composting)
Lower Cost and Simplicity

23. Planted Drying Bed Sludge directly dumped into drying bed
Percolate may need post-treatment
Bio-solids also should be treated
Suitable in low water table, no-flooding areas

24. Other Options Deep Row Entrenchment Unplanted Drying Beds
Vermi-Composting
Black Soldier Flies
Planted Drying Beds
Anaerobic Digestion
Mechanised De-Watering
Omni-Processors (Pyrolysis etc)

25. Treatment Plant : Key Considerations
Planted Drying Bed
Anaerobic Digestion
E-M / OP
Close to de-sludging areas (area reqd.)
Deal with variable quantity / character
Low cost (and simple) to operate
Clean and Odourless (NIMBY)
Scalable and Modular
CapEx / Capita
OpEx / Capita / Year
Difficult
Yes
Maybe
Yes
Maybe
Yes
Absolutely
Yes No No
Yes
Maybe
Yes
Yes
Maybe Rs Rs
Rs 1,000+
Rs 10-50
Rs 40-60
Rs 200+

26. 1. Introduction to CDD
2. FSM in India : The Challenge
3. Faecal Sludge Treatment
4. Other Thoughts for FSM

27. Step-by-Step Implementation
Devanahalli’s Roadmap to holistic FSM
DMA Bought Truck; ULB Started offering Service *
Built Treatment Plant for Safe Treatment of Sludge/ Septage
Integrated O&M Contract for Truck + Treatment Plant
Implement FSM Policy
- Licensing
- Penalties
- Monitoring

28. Recommended Process
Quick Data Analysis
Build FSTP(s)
O&M and Training
FSM Policy
Single Private Party to operate FSTP and Govt. Trucks
Cluster-Approach (80-200km radius)

29. Investment Required (Rs.)
Population
CapEx : Trucks
CapEx : Plant
CapEx : Total
OpEx / Year
30,000
25 Lacs
2 Cr
20 Lacs
100,000
75 Lacs
6 Cr
7 Cr
55 Lacs
250,000
1.75 Cr
15 Cr
17 Cr
1.2 Cr
500,000
3.50 Cr
30 Cr
34 Cr
2.0 Cr

30. Next Steps : PPPs Construct and Manage Service Contracts PPP (HAM)
Process
Govt Builds
Govt Operates
Govt builds. Private Operates
Private Player Co-Build and Operate
CapEx by Govt
100%
30-50% + land
CapEx by Pvt. --
50-70%
OpEx by Govt.
70-100%
50-80%
Contract Period
3-5 yrs
12-20 yrs

31. Thank You

32. Operating Cost (INR/Month)
DEWATSTM
Re-use of water for non-contact applications (gardening, road washing, flushing, agriculture)
No electricity—O&M 70% lower than comparable technologies
500+ systems in India: 1,000 – 1 Million Liters per Day
Cost of treated water: Rs 8-15/m3 (depends on size of system)
KLD
No. of Homes
Capital Cost
(INR Lacs)
Cost/Capita (INR)
Operating Cost (INR/Month)
1,000
1,500
190
2,500
70,000
150
250 45
3,600
25,000 10 20 8
8,000
6,000

33. Notable Installations
Aravind Eye Hospital
IIT Gandhinagar
Kolhapur Municipal Corp.
MMRDA Head office, Mumbai
ITC
Pepsi
MPR, Meherabad
Good Earth Residences
Bangalore Metro
Asian Development Bank
Pune Municipal Corporation
Government of Nepal
Anna University

34. A Large DEWATS Under Construction

35. Example 1: Hospital
In front of the Hospital—part of the natural landscaping

36. Example 2: At a Housing Society
Under car park area of housing complex

37. Example 3: Urban Landscape
Under sidewalk of urban area—no dedicated space required

38. Example 5a: Bangalore Metro
Pre-fabricated modules—quick installation

39. Example 5b: Bangalore Metro
Same as previous photo—under city sidewalk—no space needed