1. Pre Columbian Societies
Early Inhabitants of America

2. Populating Mesoamerica
The Great Ice Age more than anything influenced the populating of Mesoamerica.
The period before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 is referred to as the _______________________________.
Mesoamerica was populated by Native Americans.
These Native Americans or Indians migrated to Mesoamerica (North and South America) via a land bridge between modern day __________________.
The land bridge was formed by lower sea levels due to ice being trapped in massive ice sheets which covered most of North America.
The migration occurred between 40,000 and 15,000 years ago and took place in waves.
As the planet warmed and the ice melted the sea levels rose and formed the Bering Strait and cut of the land route.
These people moved south and populated North and South America.
Use interactive maps

3. The First Discoverers of America
The origins of the first Americans remain something of a mystery. According to the most plausible theory of how the Americas were populated, for some 25,000 years people crossed the Bering land bridge from Eurasia to North America. Gradually they dispersed southward down ice-free valleys, populating both the American continents.

4. North American Indian Peoples at the Time of First Contact with Europeans
Because this map depicts the location of various Indian peoples at the time of their first contact with Europeans, and because initial contacts ranged from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries, it is necessarily subject to considerable chronological skewing and is only a crude approximation of the “original” territory of any given group. The map also cannot capture the fluidity and dynamism of Native American life even before Columbus’s “discovery.” For example, the Navajo and Apache peoples had migrated from present-day northern Canada only shortly before the Spanish first encountered them in the present-day American Southwest in the 1500s. The map also places the Sioux on the Great Plains, where Europeans met up with them in the early nineteenth century—but the Sioux had spilled onto the plains not long before then from the forests surrounding the Great Lakes…

5. Populating Mesoamerica
By the time of Columbus about ______________ Indians populated Mesoamerica.
These Indians developed into hundreds of tribes with 2,000 languages and vastly different religions and cultures.
North and South American Indian cultures developed along different lines.
Indians in Great Basin and Great Plains were nomadic _______________
In Central and South America were dominated by the advanced empires of the ________________________________________________________________.
These civilizations were advanced in agriculture and were reliant on the cultivation of ___________________.
These civilizations lacked horses and oxen and the _______________.
Advanced on __________________________
Practiced human sacrifice. Cut out the hearts of victims.

6. Maize culture

7. Aztec religion-Human Sacrifice

8. Central and South America
The civilizations of Central and South America became large and sophisticated due the rise of agriculture.
Maize was cultivated around 5000 B.C. and quickly became the staple crop for both the Aztecs and Incas.
The spread of maize was less dominate in North America which led to the more nomadic cultures of the Plains Indians.
In Mexico the Aztec capital of _________________ was larger than any European City.
The Pueblo culture was influenced by agriculture resulting in terraced multistoried structured combined with vast irrigation systems.
Unlike Mesoamerica, most of North American tribes did not evolve into nation-states.

9. Cities of Aztecs

10. North American tribes
There were some large population areas created by the Mound Builders of the Ohio River valley, the Mississippian culture and Anasazi tribe in the American Southwest.
_______________________- Mississippian settlement near modern-day East St. Louis with a population of 25,000.
Similar Anasazi settlement in Chaco Canyon in New Mexico.
The ________________________ under the leadership of Hiawatha came the closest to the Aztecs and Incas.
Northeast tribes and Atlantic Indians used agriculture and some hunter-gathers
The Iroquois Confederacy was able to politically and militarily dominate the Northeast United States for over a century.
Most tribes were scattered and small with men hunting and women tending to the crops.
Women had authority in these tribes in which land and power was passed down on the _______________ side of the family.

11. Cahokia
This artist’s rendering of Cahokia, based on archaeological excavations, shows the huge central square and the imposing Monk’s Mound, which rivaled in size the pyramids of Egypt.

12. Vikings, Crusaders, and Muslims
There were several accidental discoveries of North America before Columbus.
1. _______________-created small settlements in modern-day Newfoundland.
Vinland
These settlements were not supported and soon died out.
2. _______________-the attempt to conquer the Holy Land led Europeans to desire goods such as sugar, linen, silk, perfume, and colorful draperies.
The desire for the goods from the east was fueled by stories such as Marco Polo’s whose 25 year trip to China increase desires for a cheaper route to China.
Silk Route
Most goods transported overland from the Spice Islands (Indonesia) __________and China.
Made costs high for these exotic goods.

13. Invention fuels exploration
______________________- a sleek new ship that allowed the ship to sail into the wind.
Invention of the _________________ and astrolabe allowed European sailors to sail through the open sea.
The Spanish and Portuguese used these inventions to take the lead in exploration setting up trading posts in Africa.
Arab and African slave traders flourished in these area and the Portuguese adopted the same practices.
_____________________ was the key crop for Europeans and this was labor intensive which led to the need for slaves.
The Portuguese founded the plantation system-large scale agriculture and the expansion of slave labor.
The Portuguese looked for a water route to Asia.
_____________________________ round the Cape of Good Hope.
__________________________________-sailed to India in 1488.

14. The World Known to Europe and Major Trade Routes with Asia, 1492
Goods on the early routes passed through so many hands along the way that their ultimate source remained mysterious to Europeans.

15. Making Sense of the New World

16. The Spanish
Spain was unified in 1491 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella from Muslim rule.
Defeated the _______________. Moors were Muslims who had controlled Spain since the Middle Ages.
The Race for exploration quickly became a competition between Spain and Portugal.
The __________________ controlled the African coasts and waterways to India so Spain sought a western route to India.
_____________ under the leadership of Ferdinand and Isabella, placed the power and wealth of the emerging Spanish empire behind exploration.
The beginnings of the Renaissance with the desire for knowledge and the creation of the ________________ facilitated the spread of knowledge.

17. Christopher Columbus (1451–1506), by Ridolfo di Domenico Ghirlandaio
No portrait from life exists of Columbus, so all likenesses of him, including this one, are somewhat fanciful.

18. Columbus First Voyage-1492

19. Santa Maria Replica

20. Columbus landing

21. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
Italian Explorer Christopher Columbus was given three ships by Ferdinand and Isabella.
_________________________________.
With the crew about to mutiny, Columbus discovered land on Oct. 12, 1492.
Columbus believed he discovered the East Indies and of course called the Native Americans “Indians” and the name has stuck.
Later exploration determined that a entirely new continent had been discovered,
________________________
The discovery would revolutionize four continents-Europe, Africa and North and South America.
Europe provided the markets, capital, and technology, Africa, the labor and The Americas, the raw materials.
Sugar cane became the primary crop.

22. The Columbian Exchange
The ___________________________was the mix of plants, animals and people between the New World and the Old World.
Both the Europeans and Indians exchanged plants, __________________ that neither group fully understood the consequences of.
New World crops such as tobacco, ________________________________ changed the European diet.
These crops fed a rapidly growing European population.
___________ of the crops worldwide today, originated in the New World.
The Europeans introduced the _______________________ to the New World.
Horses escaped from Europeans and created the wild mustang herds which ruled the Great Plains and changed the Plains Indian’s culture.
The Horse changed the Plains Indians culture to a __________________based on the hunting of the buffalo. (Sioux, Blackfeet, Apaches)
Pigs flourished in the Southeast U.S. (__________________)

23. The Columbian Exchange
Columbus’s discovery initiated the kind of explosion in international commerce that a later age would call “globalization.”
Source: Adapted from Out of Many: A History of the American People, Third Edition, Combined Edition by Faragher, Buhle, Czitrom, and Armitage. Copyright © By permission of Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

24. The Columbian Exchange
The Europeans introduced sugar cane to the New World which was perfect for the Caribbean.
These Sugar Plantations created the need for slavery and thus African slavery was introduced into the New World.
________________________ gave native people to colonist who promised to Christianize them. (Slavery)
The Europeans also accidently introduced ________________________ to the Native Americans.
The most devastating was _____________________.
Indians had no natural immunity to these diseases and millions died.
The Indians gave the Spanish STD’s specifically syphilis.

25. Principal Voyages of Discovery
Spain, Portugal, France, and England reaped the greatest advantages from the New World, but much of the earliest exploration was done by Italians, notably Christopher Columbus of Genoa. John Cabot, another native of Genoa (his original name was Giovanni Caboto), sailed for Eng land’s King Henry VII. Giovanni da Verrazano was a Florentine employed by France.

26. The Spanish Conquest
Treaty of Tordesillas-divided the New World between Spain and Portugal.
Spanish sought ________________________________
1565 founded St. Augustine, Fla. Oldest city in the North America/
Conquistadores- Spanish for conquerors
________________-discovered Pacific Ocean
Ferdinand Magellan-voyage was the first to circumnavigate the world.
________________________-explored Florida, Fountain of Youth
Francisco Coronado-explored the American Southwest in search of the Cities of Gold
__________________________-Discovered the Mississippi River-”Father of Waters”
__________________________-Defeated the Incas in Peru.
Bartolome de Las Casas- Catholic friar who wrote about and protested the Spanish treatment of the Indians.

27. Bartolome de Las Casas Indian depiction of smallpox

28. Hernando Cortes

29. “A Disease of the Heart”
In 1519 _________________________ landed in Mexico.
Famously burned his ships.
With several hundred men and 20,000 Indian Allies march toward Tenochtitlan.
_________________-Indian slave, Cortes’ interpreter.
According to Aztec religion, the god ________________ was to return the year
The Aztec ruler Montezuma believed Cortes was this god and tried to buy him off with gifts of gold.
“We suffer from a disease of the heart, for which the only remedy is gold”
Noche triste “sad night” –Aztecs attacked the Spanish and drove them from the city. June 30, 1520

31. Cortés and Malinche, ca. 1540 (detail)
Though done by an Indian artist, this drawing identifies Malinche by her Christian name, Marina. She eventually married one of Cortés’s soldiers, with whom she traveled to Spain and was received at the Spanish court.

32. Artists’ Rendering of Tenochtitlán
Amid tribal strife in the fourteenth century, the Aztecs built a capital on a small island in a lake in the central Valley of Mexico. From here they oversaw the most powerful empire yet to arise in Mesoamerica. Two main temples stood at the city’s sacred center, one dedicated to Tlaloc, the ancient rain god, and the other to Huitzilopochtli, the tribal god, who was believed to require human hearts for sustenance.

34. Sacrifice of Spanish Prisoners after the Noche Triste

35. Compare to European cities

36. Principal Early Spanish Explorations and Conquests
Note that Coronado traversed northern Texas and Oklahoma. In present-day eastern Kansas, he found, instead of the great golden city he sought, a drab encampment, probably of Wichita Indians.

37. Spanish Conquest
Cortes takes Montezuma hostage and laid siege to the city.
Montezuma killed by his own people.
Aztecs were weakened by smallpox. Aztecs are conquered.
Spanish brought their customs, language, Religion (Roman Catholic) and intermarried with the Aztecs.
Mestizos- people of mixed European and Indian heritage.
Black Legend- the false legend that the Spanish destroyed the Indians and left no positive legacy.
The Spanish created a vast empire, created a new culture and race.