1. History of Marine Science
Unit 1

2. The History of Voyaging
Travelling for a specific purpose, especially by sea
First navigation was celestial - finding one’s position in reference to heavenly bodies.

3. The Egyptians 4000 B.C. organize commerce on the Nile
Circa 2300 B.C. established sea trade throughout the Indian Ocean
ca B.C. built the Isthmus of Suez, a canal to navigate ships across land which operated until 775 A.D.

4. The Phoenicians 590 B.C. Sailed around Africa
A stone carving from the 1st century AD shows the kind of ship that the Phoenicians used on the Mediterranean Sea

5. The Greeks
ca 450 B.C. Herodotus published accurate map of Mediterranean region
336 B.C. Alexander the Great developed trade routes throughout the Mediterranean and expanded their empire

6. The Greeks 200 B.C. Eratosthenes
Chief librarian for the Library of Alexandria in Egypt
Housed scrolls copied by law off ships that harbored
Burning the library resulted in an incalculable loss of ancient works

7. The Greeks (Eratosthenes)
mathematically calculated the circumference of the Earth to be 40,000 km. (It actually is 40,032 km. 2,200 years ago his math was good enough to be off only 32 km!)
Realized the Earth must be curved
Estimated Earth size within 8% of true value.
Developed longitude and latitude
(present day longitude and latitude was developed by Hipparchus in 120 BC)

8. The Arabs ca 200 B.C Islamic and Arab Merchants
Experienced sailors
traded throughout the Mediterranean and Indian Oceans.
They are believed to have invented the lateen sail (triangular sail) important in early navigation.

9. Science Voyaging: Middle Ages
900 A.D. The Vikings crossed the North Atlantic to colonize Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland
used the North Star to determine latitude
Exhumed Viking ship; Viking Ship Museum, Oslo, Norway.

10. Science Voyaging: 15th Century
Chinese
Sailed to influence and impress their neighbors.
1492 Columbus
Sailing for Spain, sailed the Atlantic and “discovered” the America’s.
1497 Vasco de Gama
Sailing for Portugal, sailed around Africa from Portugal to India to establish trade routes.
Europeans searched for the Northwest passage through northern Canada to trade with Asia; explored the Arctic.

11. Science Voyaging 16th Century
Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan
the 1st European expedition to circumnavigate the world.
237 men began the voyage; 18 returned.
Magellan actually died before the journey was finished, but his crew returned in 1522.

12. Science Voyaging 18th Century
1728 John Harrison
developed the first chronometer
timepiece governed by a spring instead of a pendulum
allowed longitude to be known; latitude can be known by stars (angle between your eyes, horizon and north star)
4 are still located in Greenwich, England, which is the 0 meridian.

13. Science Voyaging 18th Century
1762 American Ben Franklin
created a chart of the Gulf Stream.
The Gulf Stream gives the US its warm climate, bringing warm water north from the equator.

14. Science Voyaging 18th Century
1768 James Cook (British Royal Navy)
Sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas on the HMS Endeavor
Mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in greater detail
First recorded European to encounter Australia
First captain to ward off scurvy (vitamin C deficiency)  

15. Science Voyaging 19th Century
HMS Beagle
circumnavigated the globe while conducting explorations along the South American coastline and across the South Pacific

16. Science Voyaging 19th Century 1831-1836 HMS Beagle
Charles Darwin, an accompanying naturalist, keep detailed catalogs of life encountered along the way
His studies of the Galapagos Islands led to modern theories of evolution

17. Science Voyaging 19th Century
US Exploring Expedition with the unpopular Lt. Charles Wilkes
 first U.S. Navy expedition to explore the Pacific Ocean
first to provide proof of the existence of an Antarctic
last all-sail naval mission to encircle the globe
Information obtained made up 19 volumes of maps, text, and illustrations

18. Science Voyaging 19th Century
1840 Matthew Maury (US Navy)
“Father of Modern Oceanography”
Charted winds and ocean currents
Inferred the presence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Monument in Richmond, VA

19. Science Voyaging 19th Century
HMS Challenger Expedition (British)
Charles Wyville Thomson and John Murray (coined the term “oceanography”)
tested water chemistry; made soundings and 151 trawls; charted reefs; and studied currents, meteorology, sediments
discovered 4,727 new species, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the world’s deepest ocean trench, Marianas Trench (deepest point is called Challenger Deep)

20. Science Voyaging 19th Century
route of HMS covered more than 68,000 nautical miles and lasted 1,000 days
first pure oceanographic investigation
complied a 50 volume set of information still used today
disproved theory that there were no organisms below 1,800 feet due to pressure and lack of light

21. Science Voyaging 20th Century
1898 John Holland
invents 1st gas engine/battery powered submarine
bought by US government in 1900.
the world wars were the catalyst for US oceanographic research

22. Science Voyaging 20th Century
1914 German Meteor Expedition
1st to use echo sounding (depth & contour)
produced the first detailed survey of the south Atlantic ocean floor
established that the mid-Atlantic ridge was continuous

23. Science Voyaging 20th Century
1934 bathysphere
invented and used by Otis Barton & William Beeber 
Sphere shape resists high pressure
Unpowered & lowered on a cable
Had windows for observing undersea wildlife
What the?!?

24. Science Voyaging 20th Century
1943 Jacque Cousteau and Emil Gagnan invent the Aqua-Lung
now known as SCUBA
Seriously?!?

25. Science Voyaging 20th Century
 1960 Jacque Piccard and
Don Walsch man the US Trieste bathyscaphe (small submarine)
descend 35,801 ft. into the deepest part of the ocean within the Marianas trench
Not repeated until 2012!

26. Science Voyaging 20th Century
 1962 Alvin (DSV-2)
First deep sea
submersible to carry
passengers built
has completed over 4,400 dives
1966 located an H-bomb lost in the Mediterranean Sea

27. Science Voyaging 20th Century
 1968 Glomar Challenger
confirmed evidence of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics from core drilling samples.

28. Alvin (DSV-2) cont.
1979 Robert Ballard discovered “black smokers” (undersea hydrothermal vents) on the sea floor
1986 explored Titanic wreck

29. Science Voyaging 20th Century
1985-? JASONs (satellite oceanography monitors)
Uses altimeter to measure sea surface height
Allows us to look at global ocean circulation, improve climate forecasts and monitor events such as El Niño, hurricanes and sea-level rise (global warming)

30. Science Voyaging 20th Century
2007 Argo
an array of over 3,000 drifting profiling floats that monitor temperature, salinity and below-surface currents of the ocean
relay their data via satellites
allows us to track ocean heat content
named after the Greek mythical ship that carried Jason (satellite name) in his quest for the golden fleece

31. 3,325 Argo Floats; 27 Countries

32. Science Voyaging 21st Century
2012 James Cameron piloted the Deep Sea Challenger to the ocean's deepest point (remember Trieste 1960?)
What’s new?
Ability to collect rock, sediment and biology samples
More powerful lights and a suite of wide-field and macro 3-D high-definition cameras

33. Research Vessels Submersibles – small underwater vehicles ROV
– remotely operated vehicle
Bathysphere
–lowered by a cable from a ship
Drilling ships
– take sediment cores
Floating and Fixed platforms (FLIP – floating instrument platform)
-gather data like temperature, salinity, density, and weather patterns

34. ROV
bathysphere
submersible

35. Fixed platform
Drilling ship
Floating platform

36. Other Research Instruments
Airplanes
Satellites
– SEASAT: 1st satellite dedicated to ocean studies
Echo-sounding
Underwater cameras
Side scan sonar
– great for sunken ships

37. Conclusion
The ocean represents the Earth’s last frontier for exploration and the key to understanding the future of our planet.
The human race depends on the life and sustainability of the ocean for economic, biological, and environmental stability.
The world of aquatic science is ever reaching for new discoveries in this blue realm.