1. The Indus River WATER Basin Dispute
Maroof Raza

2. GEOGRAPHY & KEY FACTS
The Indus originates in China on the Tibetan Plateau
Runs for 3,200 km across northern India and the length of Pakistan before emptying into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi
The Indus system counts 27 major tributaries and the six most significant branches — the Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Jhelum, Beas, and the Indus itself — flow west through India before crossing into Pakistan
The Indus River Basin encompasses 1.12 million square kilometers (km2), with 47 percent of this area falling in Pakistan, 39 percent in India, 8 percent in China, and 6 percent in Afghanistan
In turn, 65 percent of the total area of Pakistan, 14 percent of the Indian land mass, 11 percent of Afghanistan, and 1 percent of China’s land area lie within the Indus Basin.

3. Map of the Indus River basin

4. BoneS of contention
The partition cut the Indus river system and disrupted its well managed integrated irrigation canals network
The existing canal headwork of Upper Bari Doab canal, and the Sutlej Valley canals fell in India, while the land being irrigated by their water fell in Pakistan
While the Indus was the main source of water for Pakistan's cultivable land, the source of the rivers of the Indus basin remained with India
India asserted that Pakistan being a lower riparian country could not claim any property rights on the river water of the Indian Punjab
Pakistan argued with strong principle of international water law that all the co-riparian countries had an equal right to the share of water in proportion to area, population and agricultural utilization
The Indus Water Treaty (IWT) was signed on 19 September 1960 under the auspices of the World Bank to resolve this issue
It was meant to serve as an ad-hoc agreement for considering both sides’ claims to share water

5. THE INDUS WATER TREATY (IWT), 1960
Brokered by the World Bank (then the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development)
The treaty was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960 by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and President of Pakistan Ayub Khan.
The IWT water governance mechanism is based on partition of the Indus River Basin
Three eastern rivers —the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi have been allotted to India
The three western rivers —the Indus, the Jhelum and the Chenab have been allotted to Pakistan
The Indus water head remains in the Indian part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir
A series of problems have emerged with regard to water-sharing between the two countries: they include Pakistan's opposition to India's Salal Hydro-electrical Project (HEP), Tulbul Navigation Project, Baglihar HEP, Sawalkot HEP and Kishanganga HEP, all in the state of Jammu and Kashmir

6. MAIN FEATURES OF THE IWT
India to have unrestricted use of all the waters of the eastern rivers (the Ravi, Beas and Sutlej)
Pakistan to have unrestricted use of the western rivers (Indus, Chenab, Jhelum)
India to let flow all the waters of the western rivers, and shall not interfere with these waters
However, India is allowed, under severe restriction, limited use of the western rivers for purposes such as domestic use; non-consumptive use; agricultural use and generation of hydroelectric power
Pakistan is also allowed to withdraw water from other specified tributaries of the Ravi, under restriction as clearly set out in IWT
India to get 33 MAF (million acre feet) of annual flow from the eastern rivers and Pakistan to get 165 MAF from the western rivers

7. MAIN FEATURES OF THE IWT
India to have unrestricted use of all the waters of the eastern rivers (the Ravi, Beas and Sutlej)
Pakistan to have unrestricted use of the western rivers (Indus, Chenab, Jhelum)
India to let flow all the waters of the western rivers, and shall not interfere with these waters
However, India is allowed, under severe restriction, limited use of the western rivers for purposes such as domestic use; non-consumptive use; agricultural use and generation of hydroelectric power
Pakistan is also allowed to withdraw water from other specified tributaries of the Ravi, under restriction as clearly set out in IWT
India to get 33 MAF (million acre feet) of annual flow from the eastern rivers and Pakistan to get 165 MAF from the western rivers

8. DAMS, BARRAGES, DIVERSIONS AS SITES OF CONFLICT
India has constructed a total of 4,300 dams out of which most were constructed from
India has a total water flow of 1593 MAF and has a storage capacity of 144 MAF while another 61 MAF is under construction or near completion. There are yet 107 MAF water reservoirs under consideration for construction
At one level the apprehensions are over India withholding the water for an extended period, especially during the dry season which carries disastrous implications for Pakistan:
The Mangla Dam on the River Jhelum, which is a source of irrigation and electricity for Punjab, would be adversely affected
Pakistan feels that control of water through storage and big barrages provide India with a strategic edge during a military confrontation
It would enable India to control the mobility and retreat of Pakistani troops and enhance the maneuverability of Indian troops

9. THE CASE OF KISHENGANGA
India is nearing the completion of 330-megawatt Hydroelectric Plant on river Kishenganga
It is designed to divert water from the Kishenganga River to a power plant in the Jhelum River basin
Located 5 km north of Bandipore in Jammu and Kashmir
Construction on the dam was halted by The Hague's Permanent Court of Arbitration in October 2011
Pakistan's protested on its effect over its own 969-MW plant located downriver, directly across the Line of Control in the Neelam Valley
However, in February 2013 The Hague ruled that India could divert a minimum amount of water for power generation

11. THE CASE OF BAGHLIHAR
Located on the Chenab, the BHEP (with power capacity of 450 MW during phase I and 900 MW during phase II) became a point of contention between India and Pakistan
The issue is further complicated by the fact the BHEP is a venture of the state government of J&K —located in a state which is at one level a disputed territory between the two countries, and at another, a state which has vehemently opposed the IWT as violating its water rights
Pakistan Government's view: Pakistan has raised six objections relating to project configuration, free board, spillway, firm power, pond age, level of intake, inspection during plugging of low level intake, and whether the structure is meant to be low weir or a dam.
Based on these objections, Pakistan asked India to stop all work until all issues were resolved and invoked the arbitration clause of the IWT. Subsequently, matters were taken to a Neutral Expert, Professor Raymond Lafitte of Switzerland.

13. THE CASE OF BAGHLIHAR
Indian Government's View: India claims BHEP is a fully legal scheme, involves no water storage, and therefore does not violate the IWT
India is allowed by the IWT to build power generation projects on any of the three western rivers of the Indus river system, as long as they benefit the local people.
India accused Pakistan of trying to prevent it from removing the grievances of people of J&K.
Dominant view in J&K: BHEP is a project for/by Jammu and Kashmir, a state that had not been taken into account by the IWT
The state is in dire need of power and believes Pakistan wants to deny J&K the right to use its own rivers, citing the situation in Pakistan occupied Kashmir where they believe people have no rights over Mangla Dam on the Jhelum, built to meet the power and water needs of Punjab and other parts of Pakistan
Finally on 12 February 2007 Professor Lafitte, the Neutral Expert, gave his 'determination', suggesting slight changes in the design of the project but allowing the project to proceed.