1. The Principles of Landscaping for Landscape Class Mrs. Shaw

2. Objectives
To apply the principles of landscaping to an actual setting to understand the goals of the landscape profession.
Describe the three major career fields within the landscape profession
List the main objectives of good residential landscaping
List the five principles of landscape design and examples of an application of each principle
List three hard paving and three soft paving materials
List the technical procedures for landscape maintenance.

3. Objectives
Calculate the volume of mulch needed to cover a landscape bed.
List the basic concepts of xeriscaping
List ways the soil can be improved to conserve water
Identify plants that can be used in a xeriscape setting
Explain why mulches are important.
Academic Standards:
Environment and Ecology B
A, B and C

4. Why have landscaping and plants?
Your answers

5. Why have landscaping and plants?
Plants are important role for:
Oxygen
Keep us cool
Renew the air
Slows down the wind
Holds soils in place
Provide a home for wildlife
Furnish building material
Beautify our surroundings.

6. Why landscape? To beautify our properties Increase our property values
How many of you have seen TV show tell us how to this?
Curb Appeal

7. Before landscaping

8. Before for Landscaping

9. After Landscaping

10. After Landscaping

11. Before Landscaping

12. After Landscaping

13. Before major landscaping

14. After Landscaping

15. The Landscape Industry
Landscape Industry—also called the Green Industry.
Functions to improve our natural environment to meet the needs and desires of people.

16. The Landscape Industry
Landscape architects—are professionals who integrate the disciplines of art and science, and know how plants and landscape factors will react to the environments around them.
They work with computer aid design called CAD.

17. The Landscape Industry
Landscape architects—they often require four to five years of college and in some states require State licensing.

18. The Landscape Industry
The landscape plan is a collection of graphic symbols, which represent trees, shrubs, flowers, buildings, and other constructed materials necessary to proposed landscape.
When the land dimension and the symbols are reduced in the same proportion, the drawing is said to be in scale. Ex. (1 inch = 10 feet)

19. The Landscape Industry
Landscape contracting—is the career field which deals primarily with the installation of landscapes. They are the link between the design and the management of the landscape. They must now scale, how to plant shrubs and tree and lay out patio and brick and retaining walls.

20. The Landscape Industry
Landscape maintenance contractor—spend there time totally on landscaping such as large estates, shopping centers and professional buildings. They do fertilizing, pruning, mulching, flower care, repair walls, fencing and driveways.

21. The Objectives Residential Landscaping
Residential Landscaping—is to serve the needs and desires of people in development of the outdoor environment. The goals of residential landscape are:
To determine the exact needs and desires of the homeowners for their landscapes.
To determine the capabilities of the land (site) to fulfill those needs and desires.

22. The Objectives Residential Landscaping
To develop the outdoor living areas of the landscape in a manner similar to the way indoor living areas are developed.
To design the landscape in such a way that maintenance practices do not exceed that which the homeowner is willing to do.
To keep costs within the budget of the homeowner.

23. The Objectives Residential Landscaping
The needs of the homeowner can best be determined by an interview. Questions such as the following can be answered:
How many family members are there. What are there ages?
How much does the family use the outdoor area around the home?
Does the family entertain frequently. Large or small groups?

24. The Objectives Residential Landscaping
How much privacy from the neighbors and passing cars do you desire?
How much maintenance are they willing to do in the upkeep of the landscape?
Are there certain plants they are found of or dislike?

25. The Objectives Residential Landscaping
7. What service needs will the landscaper be expected to accommodate? (Examples: clothesline, trash cans, pets, vegetable garden, compost pile, garden sheds)
8. Will the family be using the garden after dark.

26. The Objectives Residential Landscaping
9. How much does the family want to spend don the total development of the landscape? Do they want to spread the cost over several years?
10. Is the family willing to wait several years to the plants to reach maturity or do they want large plants installed for an immediate effect?

27. Site Analysis
The following are some of the things to look for and take note of during a site analysis.
Dimension of the property
Topography of the site (how flat or rolling it is
Conditions of the lawn

28. Site Analysis Types and condition of existing plants
Location of utility lines, meters and utility easements
Good and bad views from the site
Locations of glass areas in the house and where they open onto in the landscape

29. Site Analysis Architectural style of the neighborhood
Environmental setting of the site and the neighborhood
Existing natural features such as streams, rock outcropping, specimen plants and wildlife habitat areas.

30. The Concept of the Outdoor Room
Public Area—of the home is that portion which is seen by anyone coming to the house. Includes entry foyer, reception rooms and enclosed porch.
Family living area—includes that room of the house, which is used, for family activities and for entertaining friends. Includes living rooms, dining room, family room and game room.

31. The Concept of the Outdoor Room
Service areas—includes laundry room, kitchen, sewing and utility (mud) room.
Private living area-- are bedrooms or dressing rooms.
Outdoor Use Areas
Public Area is the front yard, which everyone driving by or walking can see.

32. The Concept of the Outdoor Room
Family living area outdoors should be connected to the indoor family living area, when ever possible. This is the area you can relax in. The area includes patio, barbecuing, swimming or other activities. Fewer people should be able to see this area.
Service area includes hang clothes, store garbage; house the dog or a vegetable garden.

33. The Concept of the Outdoor Room
All of the outdoor use areas described so far are most successful if they are connected directly to the indoor rooms they serve. A visual connection by way of a window or doorway is almost a necessity. A physical connection through a doorway is highly desirable.

34. The Concept of the Outdoor Room
The outdoor wall defines the limits or size of as the outdoor room. It can also slow or prevent in a certain direction. Determines the vertical sides of the room. Thus outdoor wall materials should not be placed in the middle of the lawn, where a wall would not be located.

35. The Concept of the Outdoor Room
Materials used for outdoor walls
Natural—shrubs, small trees, ground cover and flowers
Man-made—fencing and masonry

36. The Concept of the Outdoor Room
Outdoor floor—provides the surfacing for the outdoor room. Materials
Natural—grass, ground covers, sand, gravel or water
Man-made—brick, concrete, patio blocks or title.
Outdoor ceiling – defines the upper limits of the outdoor room.
Such as awning, aluminum covering or shade trees

37. The Principles of Landscape Design
There are five basic principles which guide the landscape architect or designer in planning the landscape’s outdoor rooms. These principles are:
1. Simplicity
2. Balance
3 Focalization of interest
4. Rhythm and line
5. Scale and Proportion

38. The Principles of Landscape Design
The Principles of simplicity—is important to the overall unity of the design.
It is accomplished by repeating specific plants throughout the design an by massing plant types and color into groups rather than spacing types so that each plant or color is seen separately.
Fewer different objects there are for eye to focus upon
Straight lined or gently curing bedlines around shrubs plantings.

39. The Principle of Simplicity

40. The Principle of Balance
The Principle of Balance—if the left side of the landscape should have no more visual weight than the right side. Balance is either
A. Symmetrical—balance is attained when one side of the landscape is exact duplicate of the other side. This common in formal design.

41. Symmetrical Design

42. Symmetrical Design

43. Symmetrical Design

44. The Principle of Balance
B. Asymmetrical balance—one side of the landscape has the same visual weight as the other side, but the are not duplicates.

45. Asymmetrical Design

46. The Principle of Focalization
The Principle of Focalization—of interest recognizes that the viewer’s eye wants to see only one feature as being the most important within any given view. All other elements complement that important feature (the focal point) but do not compete with it for attention.
Focal points may be created using especially attractive plants (specimen plants), statues, fountains, pools and plant arrangement.

47. Focal Point

48. Focal Point

49. Focal Point

50. Focal Point

51. The Principle of Rhythm and Line
The Principle of Rhythm and Line—also contributes to the overall unity of the landscape design. This principle is responsible for the sense of continuity between different areas of the landscape.
Also giving a design to repeat shapes, angles or lines between various areas and elements of design.

52. The Principle of Rhythm and Line

53. The Principle of Rhythm and Line

54. The Principle of Rhythm and Line

55. The Principle of Scale and Proportion
The Principle of Scale and Proportion—helps keep all elements of the landscape in the correct size relationship without towering over the building when full grown.

56. The Principle of Scale and Proportion

57. Landscape Maintenance
Landscape Maintenance involves the technical knowledge of the following skills:
Replacement of plant material
Application of mulch to proper depth.
Application of soil analysis—proper pH levels and fertility needs
Pruning
Weed Control
Planting and caring for flower beds
Proper mowing procedures
Maintenance of landscape accessories (fountains, pools and lighting

58. Landscape Maintenance
Mulch
The most common type of mulch is in the form of wood chips
Hardwood bark
Pine bark
Mulch help:
Aesthetic appearance
Water holding capacity
Organic matter content
Weed control quality

59. Landscape Maintenance
Mulch is sold by the cubic yard. There are 27 cubic feet per cubic yard. Too determine the cubic yards of mulch to be used divide cubic feet by 27.
Length in ft. x width in ft. x depth in ft.=cubic yards
27 cubic feet/cubic yards

60. Xeriscaping
This is a technique used to practice water conservation in creative landscapes.

61. Xeriscaping
The basic concepts of xeriscaping involve the following applications of landscape principles:
Good design and planning
Improving the soil
Turf areas
Use of ground covers
Low water use
Plant selection
Use of mulch
Use of low volume irrigation
Proper landscape maintanence

62. Xeriscaping

63. Xeriscaping