1. Oddelenie kozmickej fyziky
2011
15. december 2011

2. Personálne zloženie BALÁŽ Ján BOBÍK Pavol BUČÍK Radoslav
KOLLÁR Vladimír
KUDELA Karel
LANGER Ronald
PASTIRČÁK Blahoslav
SLIVKA Marián
STRHÁRSKÝ Igor
ŠTETIAROVÁ Jana
ŠTEFÁNIK Samuel
TOMIČOVÁ Anna
6 vedeckí pracovníci
4 odborní VŠ pracovníci
2 odborní pracovníci
1 interný phd študent
1 externá phd študentka

3. Projekty riešené na OKF
Projekty Slovenskej vedeckej grantovej agentúry VEGA pre fyziku
MVTS podpora SAV
ŠF CKV 2. etapa, – celkom 612 598 €, Štúdium fyzikálnych procesov v magnetosfére a heliosfére prostredníctvom energetických kozmických častíc, Hlavný riešiteľ za OKF: Karel Kudela
Podané: Cosmic Ray variability near Earth: heliospheric and magnetospheric processes, APVV VV 2011
Číslo
Hlavný riešiteľ
Názov projektu ∑
2/0081/10
Karel Kudela
Energetické kozmické častice a ich úloha v kozmickom počasí € €
2/0094/10
Ján Baláž
Spektrometria kozmických energetických častíc na palube vedeckých satelitov € €
Číslo
Hlavný riešiteľ
Názov projektu ∑
COST 803
Karel Kudela
Vývoj produktov a služieb pre kozmické počasie v Európe
4000 € / 2011
JEM EUSO
Kozmické Observatórium Extrémneho Vesmíru na palube Japonského Experimentálneho Modulu
1500 € / 2010
20000 € / 2011

4. Publikácie (CC)
1. Kuznetsov Sergei N., Kurt Victoria G., Yushkov Boris Y., Kudela Karel, Galkin Vladimir I., Gamma-Ray and High-Energy-Neutron Measurements on CORONAS-F during the Solar Flare of 28 October 2003, Solar Physics, Volume 268, Issue 1, pp , 01/2011
2. Kronberg E. A., Bučík R., Haaland S., Klecker B., Keika K., Desai M. I., Daly P. W., Yamauchi M., Gómez-Herrero R., Lui A. T. Y., On the origin of the energetic ion events measured upstream of the Earth's bow shock by STEREO, Cluster, and Geotail, Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 116, Issue A2, CiteID A02210, 02/2011
3. Pope S. A., Zhang T. L., Balikhin M. A., Delva M., Hvizdos L., Kudela K., Dimmock A. P., Exploring planetary magnetic environments using magnetically unclean spacecraft: a systems approach to VEX MAG data analysis
Annales Geophysicae, Volume 29, Issue 4, 2011, pp , 04/2011
4. Lazutin L. L., Muraveva E. A., Kudela K., Slivka, M., Verification of magnetic field models based on measurements of solar cosmic ray protons in the magnetosphere, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, Volume 51, Issue 2, pp , 04/2011
5. Firoz K. A., Moon Y.-J., Cho K.-S., Hwang J., Park Y. D., Kudela K., Dorman, L. I., On the relationship between ground level enhancement and solar flare, Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 116, Issue A4, CiteID A04101, 04/2011
6. Sabbah I., Kudela K., Third harmonic of the 27 day periodicity of galactic cosmic rays: Coupling with interplanetary parameters, Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 116, Issue A4, CiteID A04103, 04/2011

5. Publikácie (CC)
7. Kollár V., Kudela K., Minarovjech, M., Some alternative instrumentation for galactic cosmic rays measurement using ground based neutron monitor detectors. I. Elapsed time methods, Contributions of the Astronomical Observatory Skalnaté Pleso, vol. 41, no. 1, p , 05/2011
8. Jansen Frank, Behrens Jörg, Pospisil Stanislav, Kudela Karel, Space situational awareness satellites and ground based radiation counting and imaging detector technology, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A, Volume 633, p. S231-S234., 05/2011
9. Mavromichalaki H., Papaioannou A., Plainaki C., Sarlanis C., Souvatzoglou G., Gerontidou M., Papailiou M., Eroshenko E., Belov A., Yanke V., Flückiger E. O., Bütikofer R., Parisi M., Storini M., Klein K.-L., Fuller N., Steigies C. T., Rother O. M., Heber B., Wimmer-Schweingruber R. F., Kudela K., Strharsky I., Langer R., Usoskin I., Ibragimov A., Chilingaryan A., Hovsepyan G., Reymers A., Yeghikyan A., Kryakunova O., Dryn E., Nikolayevskiy N., Dorman L., Pustilnik L., Applications and usage of the real-time Neutron Monitor Database, Advances in Space Research, Volume 47, Issue 12, p , 06/2011
10. Bučík R., Mall U., Korth A., Mason G. M., STEREO observations of the energetic ions in tilted corotating interaction regions, Journal of Geophysical Research, Volume 116, Issue A6, CiteID A06103, 06/2011
11. Bobik P., Boschini M. J., Consolandi C., Della Torre S., Gervasi M., Grandi D., Kudela K., Pensotti, S., Rancoita, P. G., Antiproton modulation in the Heliosphere and AMS-02 antiproton over proton ratio prediction, Astrophysics and Space Sciences Transactions, Volume 7, Issue 3, 2011, pp , 07/2011
12. Papailiou M., Mavromichalaki H., Kudela K., Stetiarova J., Dimitrova S., Giannaropoulou E., The effect of cosmic ray intensity variations and geomagnetic disturbances on the physiological state of aviators, Astrophysics and Space Sciences Transactions, Volume 7, Issue 3, 2011, pp , 09/2011

6. Publikácie (CC) Celkovo 16 CC publikácií Prijaté / v tlači Zaslané
13. Papailiou M., Mavromichalaki H., Kudela K., Stetiarova J., Dimitrova S., Effect of geomagnetic disturbances on physiological parameters: An investigation on aviators, Advances in Space Research, Volume 48, Issue 9, p , 11/2011
14. Kudela Karel, Lazutin Leonid L., Selected Solar Influences on the Magnetosphere: Information from Cosmic Rays, The Sun, the Solar Wind, and the Heliosphere, by M.P. Miralles and J. Sánchez Almeida. Proceedings of the conference held August, 2009 in Sopron, Hungary. IAGA Special Sopron Book Series, Vol. 4. Berlin: Springer, ISBN: , p.199, 2011
15. Papailiou Maria-Christina, Mavromichalaki Helen, Kudela Karel, Štetiarová Jana, Dimitrova Svetla, Effect of geomagnetic disturbances on physiological parameters: An Investigation on aviators. In Advances in Space Research, 2011, vol. 48, no. 9, p , 2011
16. Kazi A. Firoz, Y. J. Moon , H. Park, K. Kudela, N. Islam I., On the possible mechanisms of two GLE events, accepted in The Astrophys. Journal., vol. 743, 190, 2011
Celkovo 16 CC publikácií
Prijaté / v tlači
P. Bobik, G. Boella, M.J. Boschini, C. Consolandi, S. Della Torre, M. Gervasi, D. Grandi, K. Kudela, S. Pensotti, P.G. Rancoita and M. Tacconi, Systematic Investigation of Solar Modulation of Galactic Protons for Solar Cycle 23 using a Monte Carlo Approach with Particle Drift Effects and Latitudinal Dependence, accepted in The Astrophys. Journal., 2011
Zaslané
P. Bobik, K. Kudela, B. Pastircak, A. Santangelo, M. Bertaina, K. Shinozaki, J. Szabelski, F. Fenu, J. Urbar, Distribution of secondary particles over Earth surface: effect of geomagnetic field, Advances in Space Research, október 2011

7. Kapitoly v knihách
Kudela, K, and L.L. Lazutin, Selected Solar Influences on the Magnetosphere: Informations from Cosmic Rays, Chapter 18, p , in The Sun, the Solar Wind, and the Heliosphere, Mari Paz Miralles and Jorge Sánchez Almeida Editors, IAGA Special Sopron Book Series 4, Springer, 2011.
Prijatá pozvaná kapitola “On Variability of Low Energy Cosmic Rays”, INTECH publishing, do knihy Solar Wind, 30 pp. (proof), December 2011.
Prijatá pozvaná kapitola Leonid Lazutin, Karel Kudela: The Space Object of Magnetoplasma: Magnetosphere of Earth, 34 pp.,  do knihy Medium: New Research, Október 2011,
POPE, S.A. - ZHANG, T.L. - BALIKHIN, M.A. - DELVA, M. - HVIZDOŠ, L. - KUDELA, Karel - DIMMOCK, A.P. Exploring planetary magnetic environments using magnetically unclean spacecraft: a system approach to VEX MAG data analysis. In Annales Geophysicae, 2011, vol. 29, no. 4, p , 2011

8. Konferencie Pozvanné prednášky
K. Kudela, P. Bobik, 13th ICATPP Conference on Astroparticle, Particle, Space Physics and Detectors for Physics Applications, Villa Olmo, Como, 3-7. October 2011
P. Bobik, B. Pastirčák, 9th International JEM-EUSO meeting, Paris, June 2011
P. Bobik, 10th International JEM-EUSO meeting, Wako, December 2011
Pozvanné prednášky
K. Kudela, Energetic particles in space, cosmic rays and space weather: selected results and tasks. Invited talk on U. Athens, Greece, 10th Anniversary of Athens Neutron Monitor, March 10, 2011.
K. Kudela, Energetic particles in space and cosmic rays in relation to selected problems of Space Weather, Space Weather And Plasma in Space, Qazrin, Israel, May 1 – 5, 2011, invited talk.

9. Ceny a vyznamenania Zlatá medaila SAV - Prof. Ing. K. Kudela, DrSc.
Kapitoly v knihe: Feranec J. a kol., Slovensko očami satelitov, VEDA 2010, ocenené prémiou Literárneho fondu 2011

10. Experimenty / 2011
Lomnický štít - tepelné neutróny, dozimetria na LŠ, pokračovanie NMDB
MEP-2 pre SPEKTR-R (s SRI Moscow, DUT Xanthi GR) štart 18. júla 2011
RESONANCE (magnetosférické efekty s energetickými časticami, SRI Moscow, SINP MSU RU, DUT Xanthi GR) 2013
BepiColombo (misia k Merkúru, analýza plazmy, ESA, 2013) - prístroj PICAM/SERENA, časť ktorého časť vyvíja J. Baláž
JEM-EUSO, zdroje UHECR, P. Bobik, K. Kudela, B. Pastirčák

11. Popularizácia Web: space.saske.sk/popul TV / tlač Hodina vedy
- Quark
- SME
- Košický večer
- atď.
Hodina vedy
Slovak Space Party

12. JEM-EUSO
Kozmické Observatórium Extrémneho Vesmíru na palube Japonského Experimentálneho Modulu
Projekt JAXA+ESA, 13 členských krajín
Pôvod a zdroje UHECR

15. JEM-EUSO JEM-EUSO balón - stratosférický balón – 1 PDM, 2013
JEM-EUSO TA, 12/2012
JEM EUSO ISS - let v 2017 ?

16. JEM-EUSO Simulácia pozadia, odhalenie pravdepodobnosti „vzniku“
Participácia v aktivitách simulačnej skupiny JEM- EUSO
Odhad operačnej efektívnosti experimentu
Vplyv jednotlivých faktorov na dĺžku-efektívnosť merania detektora
BG sources
Duty cycle [%]
BGmoon
21.43
BGmoon+ BG500
20.41
BGmoon+ BGcities
19.43
BGmoon+ BG500+ BGcities
18.51
- 3 články OKF ( ), 2 konferenčné, 1 CC
- približne 60 kolaboračných článkov ( )
Simulácia pozadia, odhalenie
pravdepodobnosti „vzniku“
falošného eventu.
Optimalizácia trigger algoritmov.

17. UV background estimation – duty cycle estimation
UV light sources
- sun
- moon
- airglow/nightglow
- zodiacal light
- integrated faint star light
- lightnings
- Boreal/austral auroras
- artificial sources
This video over the Mediterranean Sea was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 aboard
the International Space Station. This sequence of shots was taken on Oct. 6, 2011,
from 22:58:09 to 23:13:15 GMT, on an ascending pass from just west of
the Strait of Gibraltar, over the Atlantic Ocean to northern Kazakhstan.
The first significant landmark is the Strait of Gibraltar, separating Spain and Morocco.

18. UV background estimation – duty cycle estimation
UV light sources
- sun
- moon
- airglow/nightglow
- zodiacal light
- integrated faint star light
- lightnings
- Boreal/austral auroras
- artificial sources
+ night clouds
Video over Southeastern Asia was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 aboard the
International Space Station. This sequence of shots was taken on Oct. 7, 2011,
from 12:41:10 to 12:50:46 GMT, on an ascending pass from the island of Java
to the northeast of Japan. Clouds fill most of the sky until the island of Japan
approaches near the end of the sequence.
Tokyo is brightly visible on the eastern-most side of the island.

19. UV background estimation – duty cycle estimation
UV light sources
- sun
- moon
- airglow/nightglow
- zodiacal light
- integrated faint star light
- lightnings
- Boreal/austral auroras
- artificial sources
This video over the Sahara Desert and the Middle East was taken by the crew of Expedition 29
aboard the International Space Station. This sequence of shots was taken on Oct. 6, 2011,
from 19:46:23 to 19:58:41 GMT, on an ascending pass from the Sahara Desert to western
Kazakhstan. The rust color of the Sahara Desert is the first view in this video.

20. UV background estimation – duty cycle estimation
UV light sources
- sun
- moon
- airglow/nightglow
- zodiacal light
- integrated faint star light
- lightnings
- Boreal/austral auroras
- artificial sources
Video of the Aurora Australis taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board
the International Space Station. This sequence of shots was taken September 17, 2011
from 17:22:27 to 17:45:12 GMT, on an ascending pass from south of Madagascar
to just north of Australia over the Indian Ocean..

21. Tatiana measurements archive http://space.saske.sk/JEM/tatiana.html
Tatiana data: web site of the MSU-250 project:
Measurements from January 2005 to March 2007
UV range: nm
To visualize Tatiana UV measurements and create reference frame for future use. Ak
- in internal JEM-EUSO part
~7000 measurements of Universitetsky Tatiana satellite at ~ figures (two types of figures)
Selection parameters
- Sun zenith angle
- Moon zenith angle
- length of one continuous measurement

22. JEM-EUSO duty cycle estimation
As the night for Tatiana orbit we consider simple cut on the zenith angle [3] by solar zenith angle higher than deg..
The sun eclipse times are then defined using a simple cut on the zenith angle:
Tatiana in the umbra
θZ > π − arcsin(R / (R + H )) = 119.5°
where R is the earth radius (6378 km) and H the Tatiana height above ground level (950 km).
We apply the correction for UV intensity on Tatiana orbit to ISS orbit (~16.89% - the precise value depends on the exact Tatiana altitude) and the correction taking into account the difference between night definition for Tatiana orbit and ISS orbit. Figure shows a duty cycle evaluated from Tatiana data corrected to ISS orbit together with duty cycle evaluated for real ISS trajectory and simulated moonlight.
Duty cycle evaluated from real ISS trajectory (solid line) in comparison with duty cycle from Tatiana data (dashed line).

23. JEM-EUSO duty cycle estimation
The night definition by simple cut on the zenith angle could not be very precise approximation for JEM- EUSO measurements. It is possible that we will need to redefine night by shifting the Sun position deg. under horizon as presented previously to a higher value.
We have estimated a JEM-EUSO duty cycle for a set of solar zenith angles for allowed background of UV intensity less than photons/(m2 ns sr).
The estimation from Tatiana measurements is presented in Table.
The change of solar zenith angle limit from 108 to 120 degrees decreases the JEM-EUSO duty cycle by about 3.8%.
Solar zenith angle (deg.)
Duty cycle (%)
108
22.2
109
22.1
110
21.9
111
21.7
112
21.5
113
21.3
114
21.0
115
20.6
116
20.3
117
19.9
118
19.5
119
19.0
120
18.4

25. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program data
Using DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) database
– Annual average of cloudfree moonless intensity of ‘Night Earth’ in 30 arcseconds grid on surface
• Light pollution cities mainly consisting of visible range
– Assuming UV intensity proportional to visible (data published for range 350 – nm in 63 levels scale)
• Estimating background intensity in a unit of ‘oceanequivalent’
– ‘Oceanequivalent’ background intensity
- assuming → 500 UVphotons / (m2 sr ns)

26. City lights examples / JEM EUSO aperture

27. Sodium lamp (orange light) Metal halide (green light) Mercury vapor
Standard color camera images of Chicago, Tokyo and Hong Kong from the International Space Station
Pettit, D. Cities at night: an orbital perspective. NASA Ask Magazine 2010
Sodium lamp (orange light) Metal halide (green light) Mercury vapor
Spectral Identification of Lighting Type and Character, Christopher D. Elvidge, David M. Keith, Benjamin T. Tuttle and Kimberly E. Baugh, Vol. 10, p. 3961, Sensors 2010

28. FOV – overlapping of 1 minute trajectory steps on Earth Surface (example of ISS trajectory)

29. City lights effect - Operational efficiency - Summary
BG500 = estimated oceanequivalent background (nightglow, zodiacal light, integrated faint star light) = 500 ph/(m2 sr ns)
Influence/effect of BGcities
- city is identified by DSMP satellite measurements
- when one city appear in PDM then -> PDM is blind - strict condition?
FOV is divided to 137 areas (PDM) on Earth surface and scan along ISS trajectory for cities.
Influence/effect of BGX00
- effect of different levels of oceanequivalent BG i.e. 300, 400, 500, 600, 700 ph/(m2 sr ns) – is ~0,2% per Δ BG = 100 ph/(m2 sr ns)
BG sources
Duty cycle [%]
BGmoon
21.43
BGmoon+ BG500
20.41
BGmoon+ BGcities
19.43
BGmoon+ BG500+ BGcities
18.51 ?
Where we are blind – red circles
Really?

30. City lights effect - Operational efficiency – Como article
13th ICATPP Conference on Astroparticle, Particle, Space Physics and Detectors for Physics Applications, Villa Olmo, Como 3-7 October
Estimation of JEM-EUSO experiment OBSERVATION EFFICIENCY
Deconvolution of effects
... in Conclusion “... at present stage, 1 bright pixel in the PDM is blinding the entire PDM. If the 1st trigger level could work at EC level (9 elementary cells in PDM), we could gain ~1% (from 18.51% back to 19%) in operational duty cycle.”

31. JEM-EUSO – secondary particles distribution

32. Outline of noise reduction capability.
Úlohou triggra je detekovať výskyt signálu od reálneho eventu spomedzi extrémne vysokého pozadia ( ~ 10^11 cts/s/FS)
Signál postupne filtrovaný na viacerých úrovniach redukujúc trigger rate
Schéma triggra zodpovedá segmentovaniu FS (Focal Surface) na moduly PDM (Photo Detector Module), ktoré sú dostatočne rozsiahle na to, aby obsiahli podstatnú časť zobrazenia skúmaného 'treku'
Outline of noise reduction capability.
Level
Rate of signals/triggers at PDM level
Rate of signals/triggers at FS level
PDM level trigger
Photon trigger
~9.2 × 108 Hz
~1.4 × Hz
Counting trigger
~7.1 × 105 Hz
~1.1 × 108 Hz
Persistency track trigger (PTT)
~7 Hz
~103 Hz
PDM cluster level trigger (FS=144 PDM's) Linear track trigger (LTT)
~6.7 × Hz
~0.1 Hz
Expected rate of cosmic ray events
~6.7 × Hz
~10-3 Hz

33. Motivácia a simulačný kód
Veľmi vysoká úroveň očakávaného pozadia vyžaduje simuláciu obrovského počtu prípadov, aby sa dosiahla spoľahlivá filtrácia bg prípadov
Vyvinutý a použitý rýchly C++ kód:
- rozdelenie počtu fotoelektrónov pozadia sa riadi Poissonovým rozdelením (str. hodnota BG 500 ph/(m2 s sr) resp ph/pix/GTU)
- PDM = 6x6 pixlov
- PTT algorithm Hz/PDM
- LTT algorithm 1mHz/PDM
Kód je rýchly, ale potrebné vyprodukovať obrovskú štatistiku -> nutné paralelné počítanie
Všetko počítané na našom (OKF) PC klastri v Košiciach
Dosiahnuť minimálnu potrebnú úroveň štatistiky možno pri roku nepretržitého počítania
Ukladané dáta o prípadov, ktoré prešli úrovňami PTT aj LTT filtrácie
Tieto analyzované pattern recognition

34. Poďakovanie BALÁŽ Ján BOBÍK Pavol BUČÍK Radoslav KOLLÁR Vladimír
KUDELA Karel
LANGER Ronald
PASTIRČÁK Blahoslav
SLIVKA Marián
STRHÁRSKÝ Igor
ŠTETIAROVÁ Jana
ŠTEFÁNIK Samuel
TOMIČOVÁ Anna
6 vedeckí pracovníci
4 odborní VŠ pracovníci
2 odborní pracovníci
1 interný phd študent
1 externá phd študentka