1. Basic Statistical Techniques
Normal Distribution

2. Data can be "distributed" (spread out) in different ways.
There are many cases where the data tends to be around a central value with no bias left or right, and it gets close to a "Normal Distribution" like this:
Normal Distribution
Many things closely follow a Normal Distribution:
heights of people
size of things produced by machines
errors in measurements
blood pressure
marks on a test
We say the data is "normally distributed".
The "Bell Curve" is a Normal Distribution.
It is often called a "Bell Curve" because it looks like a bell.
The yellow histogram shows some data that follows it closely, but not perfectly (which is usual).
The Normal Distribution has:
mean = median = mode
symmetry about the centre
50% of values less than the mean and 50% greater than the mean

3. Normal Distribution
68% of values are within 1 standard deviation of the mean
95% of values are within 2 standard deviations of the mean
99.7% of values are within 3 standard deviations of the mean

4. Business Management
Motivation Theories

5. Which are which?!?!? Motivation Theories Content theories
Process theories
Which are which?!?!?

6. Motivation Theories Content theories Process theories
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
Aldefer’s modified need hierarchy model
Herzberg’s Two factor theory
McClelland’s achievement motivation theory
Expectancy based model - Vroom
Equity theory - Adam
Goal theory - Locke

7. Law for Accounting and Finance
Criminal V Civil

8. Criminal V Civil Purpose Parties Outcome Terminology Burden of Proof
Courts

9. Criminal V Civil Purpose Parties Outcome Terminology Burden of Proof
Courts
Preserve social order by punishing wrongdoers & deterring others
State Prosecutes defendant
Eg R V Smith
Innocent – defendant discharged
Guilty – defendant convicted and sentence imposed
Prosecute
Crown & accused
Prosecution must prove guilt of
defendant “beyond all reasonable doubt”
Crown Court
Magistrates Court
Compensate a person who has
suffered loss or injury due to acts of another
Claimant initiates claim against
defendant, no police involvement
Claimant wins – remedy awarded
Claimant loses – remedy not awarded
Sue
Claimant & defendant
Claimant must prove case on
balance of probabilities
High Court –3 divisions – Family,
Chancery, Queens Bench
County Court