1. Pamphlets as Insight into Popular Thought

4. Discuss Politics & Media
Why do popular governments rely on freedom of speech?
Why did monarchies suppress many forms of writing?
How did censorship influence writing?

5. Discuss Politics and Media
How influential was the media in the recent election?
What do you make of this headline:
Khizr Khan Believes Sharia Trumps the Constitution
How do we deal with inaccuracy in the media

6. Do you obtain your news from links shared through social media
Frequently
Sometimes
Rarely
Never

7. What sources most directly influence your understanding of the world?
Social media
Online news outlets
Print journalism
Friends
Something else

8. What measures did the English monarchs take to control print?

9. How did the English government censor publications
The Court of Star Chamber prosecuted anyone who printed news about the governance of the realm
The monarchy gave a printing monopoly to the stationers guild
Punishments for publishing without a license included the pillory and even the severing of limbs
The monarchy produced lists of prohibited books beginning in 1529

10. What were some of the forms of publication circulating in the 1640s
What were some of the forms of publication circulating in the 1640s? Why is the period from called the interregnum?

11. Forms of Publications Books Ballads Almanacs Newspapers
Pamphlets & Chapbooks

12. Chapbooks, Pamphlets, Broadsides

13. Why did this study choose to focus on pamphlets instead of books?

14. Identify the factors that encouraged a proliferation of pamphlets 1640-1660
Widespread thirst for knowledge about the Civil Wars ( )
Rising literacy rates
Small handpresses were difficult to suppress
During the 1640s the government was preoccupied with the civil wars

16. Confessional Map of Western Christendom c. 1560

17. Luther & The Reformation
Reaction against indulgences
Questioning the practices the medieval Church had developed to sustain its finances
Based on deep religious conviction
Not really progressive but tended to be very conservative

18. Henry VIII In Defense of the Seven Sacraments 1521
Act of Supremacy 1534

19. Thomas Cromwell Involved in suppression of monasteries in 1520s
Architect of Henry’s break with Rome: Act of supremacy (1534)

20. Edward, Prince of Wales 1539

21. Edward VI r. 1547-1554 ushered in a more radical form of Protestantism

23. Reliquaries Vessels containing sacred relics Often ornate
Often objects of veneration
Detested by reformers as opposed to Second commandment

26. Calvinist Worship

27. Puritans

28. Queen Mary I r. 1553-1558 returned England to Catholicism

29. Phillip II King of Spain r. 1556-1598 sought to destroy Protestantism

30. Philip was unpopular with his English subjects

31. Queen Elizabeth

33. The Netherlands 1555

34. Course of the Spanish Armada 1588

35. James I Son of Mary Stuart Ruled England 1603-25
Wrote Concerning the Divine Right of Kings
His favorite, the Duke of Buckingham undermined his popularity
Engaged in ideological quarrel with Sir Edward Coke over prerogative courts

37. Puritans

38. Charles I Maintained a lifelong devotion to the divine right of kings
Even his advocates considered him less than brilliant and lacking people skills
By Van Dyck, 1635

39. Henrietta Maria Catholic Queen to Charles I

40. Archbishop William Laud 1633-45

41. The Reformation Background Erasmus and Northern Humanism Luther
Early positions
The 95 Theses
The Diet of Worms
Luther’s Theological Positions
Augsburg Confession
English Reformation
Summary

42. Background increasing piety increased access to religious texts
corruption and hypocrisy of the Church
decline of papal prestige
Increased intellectual vigor, sparked by humanism, Bible reading, and less deference to authority

43. Erasmus and Northern Humanism
Around 1500 Erasmus had gained a reputation as one of the leading intellectuals in Europe
He mastered Greek and Latin and had translated the New Testament from the ancient Greek into Latin, thereby eliminating many of the errors ingrained in the Latin Vulgate Bible since the 4th century CE
He had been educated in the humanist rather than the scholastic tradition; like other humanists, such as Lorenzo Valla, he believed that the Church could be reformed internally by returning to a purer, more ancient form of Christianity

44. Erasmus and Northern Humanism
The northern humanists were extremely devout
They were not calling for a break with the institutional church
Instead they hoped to reform the church
As the leading Northern humanist, Erasmus developed what he called the Philosophy of Christ, which emphasized the Sermon on the Mount as the essential kernel of Christian ethics
Erasmus was a prolific letter writer and was in close contact with many intellectuals and Church leaders throughout Europe including Luther and Pope Leo X

45. Luther’s Early Life
Although his father wanted him to be a lawyer, Luther pursued his passionate desire to become a monk after he was nearly killed by lightening
He joined the Augustinian canons and became obsessed with contemplating his own sinfulness
After several years of self flagellation, Luther became obsessed that he was unworthy to perform the sacrament of the Eucharist
After receiving encouragement from his superiors to pursue his intellectual talents, he became a renowned biblical scholar

46. The 95 Theses
Sparked by the Dominican Friar, Johan Tetzel, and his selling of indulgences in order to finance the construction of St. Peter’s in Rome
Nailed to the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral on October 31, 1517
Written in Latin, the document outlined Luther’s criticism of indulgences
Questioned the Pope’s ability to remit sins
Informed by traditional Christian approach to the sacrament of penance
Confession, contrition, and satisfaction (penance)

47. Luther’s Theological Positions
Following the 95 Theses Luther published his ideas in a series of pamphlets
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church Luther attacked the efficacy of the seven sacraments for obtaining salvation and claimed that the Church was holding the gospel hostage
Influenced by nominalist philosophy, which argued that God’s majesty and power are beyond human comprehension, Luther developed a theory of salvation that emphasized faith: Sola Fide, the source of grace
This doctrine emphasized that salvation was entirely in God’s hands
He also elaborated a doctrine of authority that directly challenged the papacy: Sola Scriptura, the Bible alone is the source of authority

48. Implication of Luther’s positions
Theological Issues
Grace vs. Good works
Predestination vs. will
Sacraments
Transubstantiation
Luther - no magic but God is really present
Zwingli – God is not present; Last Supper commemorated
Calvin – God is spiritually present
Baptism – Luther maintained that there is a Biblical precedent for baptism and argued for the retention of this practice
Marriage – Luther embraced marriage and married a nun, Katerina von Hutten

49. The Diet of Worms, 1521
The Medici Pope Leo X had misjudged the significance of Luther’s challenge and failed to take decisive action until 1520 when he excommunicated Luther
By then Luther’s ideas had ignited a controversy that raged throughout the Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V gathered the representative assembly of the Holy Roman Empire, the Diet, to discuss the Lutheran controversy
During the Diet Luther refused to submit to the authority of the Pope and was proclaimed an outlaw by the Emperor
Luther was “kidnapped” from the Diet by Frederick of Saxony and placed under his protection
During the next few years, Luther translated the Bible into German

50. The Spread of Lutheran Ideas
During the 1520s hundreds of thousands of printed pamphlets spread Luther’s ideas throughout Europe
Many of his ideas were not fully formed during this period; rumors of his teachings often preceded and surpassed his writings in influence; numerous variations of Christian doctrine spread during this period
Generally the 1520s were a period of radical religious unrest and it was not until 1530 that Luther formally expressed his theology in the Augsburg Confession

51. The Augsburg Confession, 1530
Formal declaration of Lutheran ideas,
written by Luther’s aide Philip Melanchthon
Endorsed by several princes within the Empire
Included 28 articles of faith
21 reaffirmed Catholic doctrines
7 criticized Catholic practices related to monasticism, clerical celibacy, mandatory confession, and others
Intended to defend Lutherans from rumors misrepresentations of their beliefs and to separate them from the radical sects spreading across the Empire
A reply from the Church accepted several articles without qualification while questioning others
Later influenced the Anglican and Methodist declarations of faith

52. The English Reformation
Motivated by political necessity rather than theological opposition
Henry VIII assumed the position as head of the Church of England in order to secure the annulment of his marriage from Catherine of Aragon
In 1534 Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy which declared Henry the head of the English Church
In contrast to the Continent where religious sects proliferated, the Church of England adopted theological changes very gradually in the decades following the Act of Supremacy
Critics of this gradual change become known as Puritans

53. Summary
Between 1517 and 1530, Luther revolutionized attitudes toward the Church in the HRE and beyond
Luther’s intention was to reform not to undermine Western Christendom
His influence was most pronounced in northern Europe
Sensing common dissatisfaction with the ecclesiastical hierarchy, Luther attacked those practices of the Church that lacked Biblical precedent
Unlike Hus before him, he never alienated his political supporters

54. Summary
By 1530 the Lutherans had established their own Church based on both a separate theology and a group of princes who were willing to provide political support
The Augsburg Confession provided the basis for over 100 years of political conflict and social unrest throughout the Empire
Similar to the Protestant princes, England also proclaimed its break with Rome in 1534; however, the English break did not initiate a new theological perspective