1. Raw materials and supply chain importance for the deployment of low-carbon technologies in the EU
Dr. D. Blagoeva

2. 2016 JRC study on bottlenecks along materials supply chain for deployment of low-carbon technologies
WIND
PHOTOVOLTAIC
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Wind turbines
- Neodymium
- Praseodymium
- Dysprosium
Blades
- Composites (CFC)
(criticality expected
on the manufacturing side rather than raw material side)
PV Modules
- Silicon
- Silver
- Copper
- Indium
- Gallium
- Selenium
- Cadmium
- Tellurium
Batteries
- Lithium
- Cobalt
- Graphite
Electric traction motors
- Neodymium
- Praseodymium
- Dysprosium
c-Si
CIGS
CdTe

3. JRC methodology Mitigation measures EU resilience assessment
Upstream dimension (D1)
Downstream dimension (D2)
D1.1 Material demand
D1.2 Investment potential
D1.3 Stability of supply
D1.4 Reserves depletion
D1.5 Import reliance
D1.6 Supply adequacy
D1.7 Recycling
D1.8 Substitution
D2.1 Supply chain dependency
D2.2 Purchasing potential
D2.3 Material cost impact
Materials
supply chain
Mitigation measures

4. Supply chain dependency for wind power
CHINA
CHINA
CHINA
CHINA
CHINA
Rare Earths
(Nd, Pr, Dy)
Permanent
magnet (PM) PM
generator
Turbine
assembly
EU is highly dependent on raw materials & permanent magnets
China is the major supplier of materials and components for wind

5. Supply chain dependency for electric vehicles
Raw
materials
AUSTRALIA
Processed
materials
Cells/
Modules
High dependence on materials &
components for Li-ion batteries!

6. Key results and summary
EU resilience to materials supply bottlenecks for low-carbon energy and transport technologies
Recycling – short term mitigation; Substitution – longer term
Supply chain and its diversification are essential!

7. New materials information system
Wind, photovoltaic and electric vehicle technologies (2016)
Coming: Other technologies to be assessed in (efficient lighting, batteries for energy storage and smart grids)