1. Chapter 1
The Science of Life

2. Student Learning Goals - Biology Science and Life SC. 912. N. 1
  Student Learning Goals - Biology Science and Life SC.912.N Goal: Define a problem based on a specific body of knowledge, for example: biology, chemistry, physics, & earth/space science. Students will: 4 – Define and solve a problem based on a specific body of knowledge, for example: biology, chemistry, physics, & earth/space science Define a problem based on a specific body of knowledge, for example: biology, chemistry, physics, & earth/space science. 2 – Explain a problem based on a specific body of knowledge, for example: biology, chemistry, physics, & earth/space science. 1 – Recognize a problem based on a specific body of knowledge, for example: biology, chemistry, physics, & earth/space science.

3. Introduction to Biology
What is biology?
Study of living systems and how they interact with their environment
The cell is the basic unit of life
1665-Robert Hooke- 1st discovered cells in cork

4. The Seven Properties of Life
Section 1 The World of Biology
Chapter 1
The Seven Properties of Life

5. Characteristics of Life, continued
Section 1 The World of Biology
Chapter 1
Characteristics of Life, continued
Organization and Cells
Organization is the high degree of order within an organism’s internal and external parts and in its interactions with the living world.
A cell is the smallest unit of an organism that can perform all life’s processes.

6. Characteristics of Life, continued
Section 1 The World of Biology
Chapter 1
Characteristics of Life, continued
Organization and Cells
Multicellular organisms are made up of many cells and show a hierarchy of organization going from the organism to the atom.

7. Characteristics of Life, continued
Section 1 The World of Biology
Chapter 1
Characteristics of Life, continued
Response to Stimuli
Another characteristic of life is that an organism can respond to a stimulus—a physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment.

8. Characteristics of Life, continued
Section 1 The World of Biology
Chapter 1
Characteristics of Life, continued
Homeostasis
All living things have mechanisms that allow them to maintain stable internal conditions. Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing.

9. Characteristics of Life, continued
Section 1 The World of Biology
Chapter 1
Characteristics of Life, continued
Metabolism
Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment.

10. Characteristics of Life, continued
Section 1 The World of Biology
Chapter 1
Characteristics of Life, continued
Growth and Development
The growth of living things results from the division and enlargement of cells.
Development is the process by which an organism becomes a mature adult.

11. Characteristics of Life, continued
Section 1 The World of Biology
Chapter 1
Characteristics of Life, continued
Reproduction
Living organisms pass on hereditary information from parents to offspring, also called reproduction.

12. Characteristics of Life, continued
Section 1 The World of Biology
Chapter 1
Characteristics of Life, continued
Change Through Time
Populations of living organisms evolve or change through time.

13. Diversity and Unity of Life
Section 2 Themes in Biology
Chapter 1
Diversity and Unity of Life
Unity in the Diversity of Life
Life is so diverse,or full of variety. Yet, life is also characterized by unity, or features that all living things have in common.

14. Diversity and Unity of Life, continued
Section 2 Themes in Biology
Chapter 1
Diversity and Unity of Life, continued
Unity in the Diversity of Life
The tree of life shows that all living things have descended with modification from a single common ancestor. Yet, there are many different lineages, or branches, representing different species.

15. Phylogenetic Diagram of Living Organisms
Section 2 Themes in Biology
Chapter 1
Phylogenetic Diagram of Living Organisms

16. Diversity and Unity of Life, continued
Section 2 Themes in Biology
Chapter 1
Diversity and Unity of Life, continued
Three Domains of Life
The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
The six kingdoms include Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

17. Interdependence of Organisms
Section 2 Themes in Biology
Chapter 1
Interdependence of Organisms
Organisms live in interdependent communities and interact with both organisms and the environment.

18. Chapter 1 Evolution of Life
Section 2 Themes in Biology
Chapter 1
Evolution of Life
Evolution, or descent with modification, is the process in which the inherited characteristics within populations change over generations.
Evolution helps to explain how species came to exist, have changed over time, and adapt to their environment.

19. Evolution of Life, continued
Section 2 Themes in Biology
Chapter 1
Evolution of Life, continued
Natural Selection
Natural selection is a process by which organisms that have certain favorable traits are better able to survive and reproduce successfully than organisms that lack these traits.
Natural selection can lead to the evolution of populations.

20. Hierarchical Organization of Living Systems
Cellular level
Atoms Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell
Organismal level
Tissue Organ Organ system Organism
Populational level
Population Species Community Ecosystem Biosphere
Emergent Properties at every level
Novel properties not seen in previous level
Each level builds on the previous

21. 1 The 7 Biosphere Tissues 6 Organs and Organ 2 Systems Ecosystems 10
Figure 1.3
1 The
Biosphere 7
Tissues
6 Organs
and Organ
Systems 2
Ecosystems 10
Mole-
cules 3
Communities 8
Cells 5
Organisms
Figure 1.3 Exploring levels of biological organization 4
Populations
9 Organelles 21

22. 3 Domains of life Literally means “true” “Nucleus”
Divided into 4 kingdoms: Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, Protista
Eukarya
Prokaryotes
Ancient Bacteria
Single-celled microorganisms
No cell nucleus or organelles
Extremophiles (Hot springs, salt lakes)
Archaea
True bacteria
Modern bacteria
Eubacteria

23. 4 Kingdoms Fungi Cell walls of chitin; absorbing products Plantae
Cell walls of cellulose; photosynthesis
Animalia
Lack cell walls; heterotrophs
Protista
Unicelluar eukaryotes; multicellular algae

24. Chapter 1 Science as a Process Steps of the Scientific Method
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Chapter 1
Science as a Process
Steps of the Scientific Method
The scientific method involves making observations, asking questions, forming hypotheses, making predictions, designing experiments, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.

25. Section 3 The Study of Biology
Chapter 1
Scientific Processes

26. Observing and Asking Questions
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Chapter 1
Observing and Asking Questions
The process of science begins with an observation.
An observation is the act of perceiving a natural occurrence that causes someone to pose a question.

27. Chapter 1 Forming a Hypothesis
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Chapter 1
Forming a Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for the way a particular aspect of the natural world functions.

28. Forming a Hypothesis, continued
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Chapter 1
Forming a Hypothesis, continued
Predicting
To test a hypothesis, scientists make a prediction that logically follows from the hypothesis.

29. Designing an Experiment
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Chapter 1
Designing an Experiment
Performing the Experiment
A controlled experiment compares an experimental group and a control group and only has one variable.

30. Designing an Experiment, continued
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Chapter 1
Designing an Experiment, continued
Performing the Experiment
The control group provides a normal standard against which the biologist can compare results of the experimental group.
The experimental group is identical to the control group except for one factor.

31. Designing an Experiment, continued
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Chapter 1
Designing an Experiment, continued
Performing the Experiment
The experimenter manipulates the independent variable.
The experimenter measures the dependent variable because it is is affected by the independent variable.

32. Designing an Experiment, continued
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Chapter 1
Designing an Experiment, continued
Testing the Experiment
Experiments should be conducted without bias and they should be repeated.

33. Collecting and Analyzing Data
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Chapter 1
Collecting and Analyzing Data
Analyzing and Comparing Data
Scientists analyze data to draw conclusions about the experiment performed.

34. Chapter 1 Drawing Conclusions Making Inferences
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Chapter 1
Drawing Conclusions
Making Inferences
An inference is a conclusion made on the basis of facts and previous knowledge rather than on direct observations.

35. Drawing Conclusions, continued
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Chapter 1
Drawing Conclusions, continued
Applying Results and Building Models
Scientists often apply their findings about the natural world to solve practical problems.

36. Chapter 1 Constructing a Theory
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Chapter 1
Constructing a Theory
A theory is a set of related hypotheses confirmed to be true many times, and it can explain a great amount of data.

37. Chapter 1 Communicating Ideas Publishing a Paper
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Chapter 1
Communicating Ideas
Publishing a Paper
Scientists submit research papers to scientific journals for publication.
In peer review, the editors of a journal will send submitted papers out to experts in the field who anonymously read and critique the paper.

38. Chapter 1 Honesty and Bias
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Chapter 1
Honesty and Bias
Communication between scientists about their methods and results helps prevent dishonesty and bias in science.

39. Chapter 1 Honesty and Bias Conflict of Interest
Section 3 The Study of Biology
Chapter 1
Honesty and Bias
Conflict of Interest
The threat of a potential scandal based on misleading data or conclusions is a powerful force in science that helps keep scientists honest and fair.

40. Color patterns in animals vary widely in nature
A Case Study in Scientific Inquiry: Investigating Coat Coloration in Mouse Populations
Color patterns in animals vary widely in nature
Two mouse populations that reside in different habitats have different coat colors
What accounts for the “match” between the coat colors of the mice and the color of the sand or soil in their habitats? 40

41. Beach mice have light tan, dappled coats. Members of the same species
Figure 1.18
Florida
Inland
population
GULF OF MEXICO
Beach
population
Figure 1.18 Different coloration in two beach and inland populations of Peromyscus polionotus
Beach mice have
light tan, dappled
coats.
Members of the
same species
living inland are
darker in color. 41

42. The natural predators of the mice are all visual hunters
Francis Bertody Sumner hypothesized that the color patterns in the mice had evolved as adaptations that camouflage the mice to protect them from predation
Recently Hopi Hoekstra and a group of her students tested the predictions of this hypothesis 42

43. Prediction: Mice with coloration that does not match the habitat should suffer heavier predation than the native, well-matched mice
The group built many silicone models of mice that resembled either beach or inland mice and placed equal numbers of models randomly in both habitats
The results showed that the camouflaged models suffered much lower rates of predation than the mismatched ones 43

44. Results 1.0 Camouflaged (control) Predation rate Camouflaged (control)
Figure 1.19
Results
1.0
Camouflaged
(control)
Predation rate
Camouflaged
(control)
0.5
Light
models
Dark
models
Light
models
Dark
models
Figure 1.19 Inquiry: Does camouflage affect predation rates on two populations of mice?
Beach
habitats
Inland
habitats
Non-camouflaged
(experimental)
Non-camouflaged
(experimental) 44

45. Experimental Controls
A controlled experiment compares an experimental group (the non-camouflaged mice) with a control group (the camouflaged mice)
Ideally, only the variable of interest (the effect of coloration on the behavior of predators) differs between the control and experimental groups
A controlled experiment means that control groups are used to cancel the effects of unwanted variables
A controlled experiment does not mean that all unwanted variables are kept constant 45

46. 40 40 Light coat Light coat 35 Dark coat 35 Dark coat 30 30 25 25
Figure 1.UN01 40 40
Light coat
Light coat 35
Dark coat 35
Dark coat 30 30 25 25
Number of mice caught
Number of mice caught 20 20 15 15 10 10
Figure 1.UN01 Skills exercise: interpreting a pair of bar graphs 5 5
Full moon
No moon
Full moon
No moon
A: Light-colored soil
B: Dark-colored soil 46

47. Microscopes
Compound light microscopes use light rays focused by glass lenses.
Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) use electrons passing through specimen and focused by magnets.
Scanning electron microscopes (SEM) use electrons scanned across metal‑coated specimen; secondary electrons given off by metal are collected by a detector.
Magnification is a function of wavelength; the shorter wavelengths of electrons allow greater magnification than the longer wavelengths of light rays.
Resolution is the minimum distance between two objects at which they can still be seen as separate objects.
Bright-field, phase contrast, differential interference, and darkfield are different types of light microscopes.

48. Microscopy Today: Compound Light Microscope
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Chapter 04
Microscopy Today: Compound Light Microscope
Light passed through specimen
Focused by glass lenses
Image formed on human retina
Max magnification about 1000X
Resolves objects separated by 0.2 mm, 500X better than human eye
Cell Structure and Function

49. Snake Brains

50. Microscopy Today: Transmission Electron Microscope
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Chapter 04
Microscopy Today: Transmission Electron Microscope
Abbreviated T.E.M.
Electrons passed through specimen
Focused by magnetic lenses
Image formed on fluorescent screen
Similar to TV screen
Image is then photographed
Max magnification 1000,000s X
Resolves objects separated by mm, 100,000X better than human eye
Cell Structure and Function

51. Microscopy Today: Scanning Electron Microscope
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Chapter 04
Microscopy Today: Scanning Electron Microscope
Abbreviated S.E.M.
Specimen sprayed with thin coat of metal
Electron beam scanned across surface of specimen
Metal emits secondary electrons
Emitted electrons focused by magnetic lenses
Image formed on fluorescent screen
Similar to TV screen
Image is then photographed
Cell Structure and Function

52. Microscopy Today: Phase Contrast Microscopy
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Chapter 04
Microscopy Today: Phase Contrast Microscopy
Great for transparent specimens with low contrast, like living cells
Some organelles have higher density than others
Speed of light is affected by density
Light passes more slowly through high density than low density
Light waves entering a specimen “in phase” exit some parts of the specimen out of phase
Microscope shows only light that is slower or faster
Causes transparent organelles to “glow”
Cell Structure and Function

53. Microscopy and Amoeba proteus
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Chapter 04
Microscopy and Amoeba proteus
Cell Structure and Function

54. Microscopy and Cheek Cells
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Chapter 04
Microscopy and Cheek Cells
Cell Structure and Function

55. Object Size and Magnifying Power of Microscopes
Section 4 Tools and Techniques
Chapter 1
Object Size and Magnifying Power of Microscopes

56. Chapter 1 Units of Measurement Base and Other Units
Section 4 Tools and Techniques
Chapter 1
Units of Measurement
Base and Other Units
Scientists use a single, standard system of measurement, called the metric system. The official name of the metric system is Système International d’Unités or SI.

57. Chapter 1 Units of Measurement Base and Other Units
Section 4 Tools and Techniques
Chapter 1
Units of Measurement
Base and Other Units
The metric system has seven base units.