1. International comparisons of health and health expenditures
Module 3
International comparisons of health and health expenditures

2. Correctly understand how to read numbers
Oftentimes, you will see something that says in (millions)
16,244,600
What about 6.8 (in billions)
What about 0.6 (in trillions)

3. Understand the global and US trends regarding
Population (US/Georgia/Atlanta)
Global
GDP
Area
Population
Richest/Poorest

4. Trends continued US Richest/poorest = states Richest/poorest = cities
Healthiest/unhealthiest = states

5. Understand the stroke belt
Unusual high incidences of stroke and other CV diseases
Possible reasons

6. Identify examples of countries fall under each category
Low-income = underdeveloped
Middle-income = developing
High-income = developed

7. Understand terminology
Micro/macro allocation of goods
Micro = individual spending
Macro = national spending
People/nations spend
Luxury goods = See PowerPoint

8. Differentiate between causality and correlation
Correlation = relationship between two = one is more likely to result in the other, but doesn’t mean it causes

9. Understand common types of international trade in health care
See PowerPoint
Medical tourism

10. The state of health in the world
Global health conditions have improved
Still significant issues that plague the world

11. Global health issues
Poverty
Disability

12. Epidemiological transition
ET = change in the type of diseases and illnesses experienced within a society
1st Development of urban centers
2nd rise of chronic and degenerative diseases
3rd reemergence of infectious diseases

13. Diseases of poverty Infant child mortality Malnutrition Food safety
Acute respiratory infections
Diarrheal disease

14. Diseases of the affluence
Arthritis
Cancer
CVD
Diabetes
Hypertension

15. Addition of new diseases in less-wealthy
Tobacco use
Alcohol use
Intentional violence: Suicide, homicide, and warfare
Dietary imbalance
Changes in physical activity
Automobiles
Environment
Workplace injuries

16. Models of financing Entrepreneurial model Mandated insurance model
National health services model

17. Models of financing and organization of health systems
Type of country
Entrepreneurial model
Mandated insurance model
National health service model
High income US
South Korea
Argentina
Germany
Italy
France UK
Japan
Canada
Middle income
China
Mexico
Botswana
Brazil
Jamaica
South Africa
Costa Rica
Cuba
Poland
Russia
Turkey
Low income
Congo
India
Nigeria

18. Financing health services
General tax revenue
Social insurance
Voluntary insurance
Charitable donations
Individual payment

19. High-income countries characteristics
Government funding
All of the countries, except the US, guarantee health coverage for all citizens
All are struggling to control costs

20. Middle-income country characteristics
Government funding
Typically devote a smaller portion of the GDP to health care

21. Low-income country characteristics
Little government funding for health care
Private payments account for more than 50%
Little private insurance is available

22. Rank
Country LE
Payroll tax
Sales tax
% Gov’t funding
HE per capita 1
Monaco
89.52
38-54%
5-19%
18.8
8,148.81 2
Japan
84.74
25.63% 8%
20.3
3,702.95 3
Singapore
84.68
11-36% 7%
14.2
2,752.32 8
Andorra
82.72 0%
1 or 4%
27.9
3,746.33 9
Switzerland
82.50
N/A
2, 3, or 8%
22.7
9,673.52 18
Canada
81.76 9% 5%
5,291.75 19
France
81.75
25-30%
2, 5, 7, 20%
15.7
4,958.99 32
Germany
80.57
41%
7, 19%
19.7
5,410.63 33 UK
80.54
0-25%
20%
16.5
3,934.82 43
United States
79.68
0-11%
21.3
9,402.52
222
Afghanistan
50.87
2 – 5% 12
56.57
223
Guinea-Bissau
50.23 ?
7.8
37.28
224
Chad
49.81
37.10

23. LE in the US
Gender
Racial/ethnicity

24. What causes high LE?

25. What causes low LE?

26. Medical tourism
Why is medical tourism so popular?