1. METHODS FOR ENHANCING RESOURCEFULNESS IN FORESEEING DANGEROUS SITUATIONS IN CASE OF ACCIDENTS OF DISASTER
Kenji　Horioka
Safety　Research　Laboratory　Chief
East Japan Railway Company
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2. The Earthquake and the Tsunami
14:46 hours on March 11, 2013
Massive earthquake of MW9.0 occurred in the offering of the Pacific coast of Tohoku District, Japan
Within 1 minute, tremor reached the coast
Tsunami alert was issued 3 minute later
Major tidal waves attacked the coast between 15:15 and 15:50
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3. But the tsunami was outrageous
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4. Post-disaster situation
Major damage in 7 railway divisions resulted from the tsunami (as of Oct 1, 2011)
・Length
Approx. 325 km
・No. of stations washed away
23 stations
・No. of trains washed away
5 trains
・No. of damaged locations
Approx. 1,730 locations Ｘ
Earthquake
center
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5. Railway network of the JR-East
Stations whose staff guided people to shelters
Trains from which crews evacuated passengers N
Tokyo
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6. The quake was enormous East Japan Railway Company, All Rights Reserved6

7. Ohunato line was attacked by the tsunami
Rail
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8. Semi-structured interviews
14 interviewers (mostly staff members of Safety Research Institute) interviewed over 104 railway personnel, including
train drivers
conductors
station staff
dispatchers
facility maintenance engineers
local managers
We asked about their
behavior
decision-making
content and sources of information utilized
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9. A railway station and a train engulfed by the tsunami
500m from the seashore
・Tsunami
Rail
Station
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10. A train engulfed by the tsunami
Rail
・Tsunami
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11. Evacuation equipment 1.Note tsunami zone sign ２．Emergency stairs
２．Emergency stairs and sign
3.Station evacuation map
4.Vehicle equipped with evacuation ladder and notice poster
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12. Evacuation from a train (training)
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13. Training for necessary competence for emergency
・Training programs that have already introduced
Learning contents: what you do is unique corresponding to each situation
e.g.: Emergency stop procedures that control trains to prevent accidents are manualized.
New training program
Learning contents: what you do varies depending on priorities for each situation
e.g.: The ways to evacuate passengers from the tsunami differ according to when and where the disaster occurs. 13
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14. Findings from the interview
We extracted general competencies that contributed to overcoming a crisis.
Professional knowledge and skill
Imagination
Sensitivity to risk
Decision-making
Ability to act
New training program need to be developed
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15. Preceding training programs
There have been several attempts to train competences of resilient behavior
Bergstroem, et al Rescue team
Dekker, et al Airline pilots
Malaks & Kontogiannis 2011 ATCs
National Patient Safety Agency 2008 Nurses
We adopted gaming approach and modified a serious game named “Crossroad” developed by Kikkawa, etc., 2004.
The crossroad is a training tool to increase awareness of interpersonal and intrapersonal conflicts in the face of natural disasters.
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16. Our training program Group of 4-6 trainees
Chairperson reads a short description of an irregular event
Each member thinks about the situation and decide what to do
Members choose YES/ NO card to an action proposed by chairperson
All members simultaneously flip the card face up and start a debate between the supporters of decision alternatives
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17. Example of the scenario
A short description of an irregular event
Scenario
The train stopped at a red signal in a tunnel, and, at the same time, smoke arose in a carriage. A few passengers were trying to open the door and escape.
YES: You stop the passengers.
NO: You do not stop passengers.
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18. We observed the group discussions We interviewed to the trainee
Trials
About 1500 railway personnel in experimental trial of new method
Train crews, station staff, maintenance engineers, and construction supervisors participated.
We observed the group discussions
We interviewed to the trainee
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19. Results １ Participants discovered that They found that
there were different way of thinking and
many factors to consider, and
there was no “correct answer”
They found that
each alternative response involved trade-offs
they should anticipate what could happen as a result of their decisions
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20. Results ２ Comments from participants Effect to think by themselves
It was a good opportunity to image the irregular event.
It will help to cope with emergency
I found the decision may change depending on the situation.
Effects of thinking in a group
Other participant’s opinion enabled to assume widely.
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21. Confirmation of the effect
Long term effect
After 2 month, 90% participants remembered about the discussion.
Attitude
80％ of the participants reported that they thought about irregular event by themselves.
Recommendation
All the participant reported that they want to introduce this training method to other office.
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22. Some participants were confused
Conventional training method
Aiming at memorizing a single correct answer
The training method we developed
No correct answer is found/taught
Some participants were confused
Should explain the purpose of the method before a training, and explain debriefing.
（・We found the difference of degree of vigorous discussion by group.
We made a creating the Q & A.
We made a presenter support in manual.）
・Enhance the discussion by group
Prepaid the “modulator’s manual” and “Q and A”.
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23. Conclusion
We have developed the training method that can improve the ability to manage trade-offs in a crisis and enhance resilience of individual workers as well as groups of workers.
Present condition
　Introduced our training instruction in our house net → used in safety activities
Future direction
　Support to customize the scenario in each workplaces
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24. Thank you for international to Tohoku
When that earthquake, we have received your support of many from around the world. I would like to thank everyone.
The United Kingdom International Search and Rescue Team, 17th Mar.2011 at Unosumai Station.
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