1. Ch 11
Section 5 -8

2. POPULATION GROWTH, POLLUTION, AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Population growth, affluenza, and pollution have promoted the premature extinction of some species.
Projected climate change threatens a number of species with premature extinction.

3. Pollution Each year pesticides:
Kill about 1/5th of the U.S. honeybee colonies.
67 million birds.
6 -14 million fish.
Threaten 1/5th of the U.S.’s endangered and threatened species.
Good time to show the faroh pilot whale video about mercury contamination. In the chapter folder or frontline video
Example of biomagnification of DDT and bioaccumulation in an aquatic food chain.
Figure 11-15

4. OVEREXPLOITATION
Some protected species are killed for their valuable parts or are sold live to collectors.
At least 2/3rds of all live animals smuggled around the world die in transit
Black market demand has increased as these animals have become endangered

5. Biomagnification
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6. Killing predators and pests that bother us or cause economic losses threatens some species with premature extinction.
U.S. Government animal control agents kill thousands of coyotes, prairie dogs, wolves, bobcats and other species because they prey on livestock, game species or aquaculture ponds
The black-footed ferret is endangered because they preyed on the prairie dog

7. Legal and illegal trade in wildlife species used as pets or for decorative purposes threatens some species with extinction.
Amphibians, reptiles, mammals and tropical fish are also being depleted because of pet trade
Ex-poachers in Thailand are now making more money taking eco-tourists into the forest than they did by poaching hornbills

8. OVEREXPLOITATION
Rhinoceros are often killed for their horns and sold illegally on the black market for decorative and medicinal purposes.
Figure 11-16

9. Case Study: 5. Rising Demand for Bushmeat in Africa
Bushmeat hunting has caused the local extinction of many animals in West Africa.
Can spread disease such as HIV/AIDS and ebola virus.
BUSHMEAT IS ANY ANIMAL MEAT THAT COMES FROM THE JUNGLE, elk monkey, zebra, girraffe, etc.
Connect HIV TO bushmen eating raw meat with HIV in it.
Figure 11-17

10. RISE IN BUSHMEAT
Logging roads allowed ranchers, miners and settlers into areas once too remote
People living in poverty use selling bushmeat to collectors, meat suppliers and poachers as a means of survival.

11. G. PROTECTING WILD SPECIES: LEGAL AND ECONOMIC APPROACHES
International treaties have helped reduce the international trade of endangered and threatened species, but enforcement is difficult.
Many countries are not signatories and still trade in animals
One of the most powerful is the 1975 Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES).
Signed by 169 countries, lists 900 species that cannot be commercially traded.

12. Case Study: The U.S. Endangered Species Act
One of the world’s most far-reaching and controversial environmental laws is the 1973 U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA).
ESA forbids federal agencies to carry out / fund projects that would jeopardize an endangered species.
In 2003 Congress exempted the Defense Department
ESA makes it illegal for Americans to engage in commerce associated with or hunt / kill / collect endangered or threatened species.

13. On private lands, fines and a possible one-year imprisonment can be used.
This is controversial since many species are located totally or partially on private land.
Critical habitats are supposed to be designated and protected by the ESA
Recovery plans have been approved for about 79% of endangered/threatened U. S. species.
Half of them have not been implemented because of political pressure and lack of funds.

14. Case Study: The U.S. Endangered Species Act
Biodiversity hotspots in relation to the largest concentrations of rare and potentially endangered species in the U.S.
Figure 11-18

15. Endangered Species
Because of scarcity of inspectors, probably no more than 1/10th of the illegal wildlife trade in the U.S. is discovered.
Figure 11-19

16. Congress has amended the ESA to help landowners protect species on their land.
The safe harbor agreement has landowners voluntarily taking specified steps to restore, improve, or maintain habitat for the species
In return the landowners receive technical help and assurances that no additional restrictions will be imposed on the land

17. Some believe that the ESA should be weakened or repealed while others believe it should be strengthened and modified to focus on protecting ecosystems.
Habitat conservation plans (HCPs) are designed to reach a compromise between interests
The HCP allows destruction of some critical habitat or killing of a population if the developer or landowner takes steps to protect that species
Two major criticisms of the HCPs are that many are approved without adequate scientific evaluation and that HCP’s compromises do not protect the species or its recovery

18. Opponents try to complicate the process to list newly endangered species
Lobbyist try to eliminate the need to designate critical habitats because the development and implementation of a recovery plans more important
Many scientists believe that we should focus on protecting and sustaining biodiversity and ecosystem function as the best way to protect species.

19. Scientist contend that it has been a success because:
Species are listed only when they are in serious danger of extinction
Most important, the condition of almost 40% of the listed species is stable or improving.
The federal endangered species budget was only $58 million in 2005, about what the Department of Defense spends in 11/2 hours

20. Biologist believe more emphasis should be placed prevention of species becoming threatened and from degradation of ecosystems
Provide landowners who agree to help protect endangered systems with significant financial incentives

21. H. PROTECTING WILD SPECIES: THE SANCTUARY APPROACH
The U.S. has set aside 544 federal refuges for wildlife, but many refuges are suffering from environmental degradation.
About 1/5th of U.S. endangered and threatened species have habitats in the refuge system
Pelican Island was the nation’s first wildlife refuge.
Figure 11-20

22. Gene banks, botanical gardens and using farms to raise threatened species can help prevent extinction, but these options lack funding and storage space.
Zoos and aquariums can help protect endangered animal species by preserving some individuals with the long-term goal of reintroduction, but suffer from lack of space and money.
Captive breeding takes wild individuals into captivity for breeding with the commitment to re-introduce the offspring back into the wild.
Artificial insemination, use of surrogate mothers, use of incubators, and cross-fostering by a similar species are other ways to increase populations of rare species

23. Reintroductions of endangered species to the wild can fail because:
There is not suitable habitat.
Individuals bred in captivity are not always able to survive in the wild

24. I. RECONCILIATION ECOLOGY
Reconciliation ecology involves finding ways to share places we dominate with other species.
Replacing monoculture grasses with native species.
Maintaining habitats for insect eating bats can keep down unwanted insects.
Reduction and elimination of pesticides to protect non-target organisms (such as vital insect pollinators).

25. Using Reconciliation Ecology to Protect Bluebirds
Putting up bluebird boxes with holes too small for (nonnative) competitors in areas where trees have been cut down have helped reestablish populations.
Figure 11-B

26. Maintain diverse yards using native plants, which attract certain species.
Share responsibility for supporting bio-diverse yards and gardens
Planting rooftop gardens can support a variety of species, provide insulation, reduces evapotranspiration, conserves water and cools cities.

27. What Can You Do? Protecting Species
• Do not buy furs, ivory products, and other materials made from endangered or threatened animal species.
• Do not buy wood and paper products produced by cutting remaining old-growth forests in the tropics.
• Do not buy birds, snakes, turtles, tropical fish, and other animals that are taken from the wild.
• Do not buy orchids, cacti, and other plants that are taken from the wild.
• Spread the word. Talk to your friends and relatives about this problem and what they can do about it.
Figure 11.21
Individuals matter: ways to help premature extinction of species. QUESTIONS: Which two of these actions do you think are the most important? Which of these actions do you plan to take?
Fig , p. 246