1. One Child, Two Child Policy
Xiaobing Li, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of History and Geography
Director
Western Pacific Institute
University of Central Oklahoma

2. Lesson Plan (October 29, 2016)
Lesson One: “One Child: Policy and Control”
(Chinese Politics and One Child Policy)
Lesson Two: “Law, Law Enforcement, and Result”
(Police, Punishment, and Imbalanced Population)
Lesson Three: “Policy Change and New Crisis”
(Urban Crisis, Military Complaints, and New Middle Class)

3. Lesson One: “One Child: Policy and Control”
China’s Population
Chinese Communist Politics: Mobilization and Mao’s People’s Power
Mao’s Social Control: Equality and Redistribution
Deng’s Control: “One Child Policy”

4.                                                           Areas currently controlled by the PRC and ROC Larger version

5. China’s Population 1949 480 million 1965 790 million 1982 946 million

6. China’s Population Major Ethnic Groups
1982: 67 million, about 6.7 percent of the national total
1995: million, about 8 percent in 1995, according to the national census
2014: 112 million, about 8.5 percent

7. China’s Population Control
In July 1979, the Fifth National People’s Congress (NPC) announced family planning and birth control as a national policy.
It was an attempt by the government to alleviate the problem of overpopulation.

8. China’s GDP Growth (1994-2014) 1994 $559 billion 1999 $1,083 billion
2004 $1.9 trillion
2009 $4.9 trillion
2013 $9.3 trillion
(or $13.39 trillion as purchasing power parity, the US GDP-PPP was $16 trillion; and Japan’s was $5 trillion).

9. China Economy Cont. Year GDP Per Capita (USD) World ranking 1979
180.28
129
( 7th from the bottom)
1989
323.19
144
(22th from the bottom)
1999
864.73
128
(64th from the bottom)
2009 96
(86th from the bottom)

10. GDP per Capita By 2013 it reached $9,185 as purchasing power parity
(the US GDP-PPP per capita was $52,800; and Japan’s was $37,100)
China’s GDP per capita had an annual growth rate of 6-12 percent between 1994 and 2014.

11. Limited Farming Land
Less than 12 percent of its terrain is suitable for farming.
the Middle and Lower Yangzi Valley Plain of 77,000 sq. miles is known as the country’s “rice bowl.”

12. Yangzi River

13. Limited Farming Land
Northeast Plain, famous for its black soil, containing many organic substances and with a total area of 135,000 sq. miles
North China Plain of 120,000 sq. miles and a well-known grain and cotton- producing region

14. Energy Industry
It has become one of the fastest-growing sectors in the past 25 years.
In 2010, China’s total energy consumption surpassed the U.S. for the first time, making it the world’s largest energy consumer, something which has drawn attention worldwide.

15. Deng Xiaoping’s Visit to the U.S.A

16. One-Child Policy
In July 1979, the Fifth National People’s Congress (NPC) announced family planning and birth control as a national policy.
It was an attempt by the government to alleviate the problem of overpopulation.
This policy has become one of the most prominent ways in which the state intrudes in family life.

17. One-Child Policy
In 2001, the NPC passed the Legislation on Population and Birth Planning. The document legalized the population policy of controlling population growth and implemented the basic state policy of family planning in a comprehensive way. The legislation suggested late marriage and late childbearing, and advocated the continuing practice of “one child per couple.” It continues to be illegal to have a second child in most urban areas, and illegal in almost all provinces for a single woman to have a child.

18. One-Child Policy
Since the implementation of the “one-child” family planning policy, the average fertility rate has dropped from 6 children per family in the 1970s, to 2 per family in 2000, about 1.44 per family in 2002 and down to 1.27 per family in 2014.

19. One-Child Policy
The government views this as a success and claims that 250 million births have been prevented.
It also asserts that the decline in the growth rate has improved healthcare among women and children.
This is largely attributable to the prevalence of contraceptives and the large number of induced abortions that have occurred as long-term birth control has been made both more widely available and compulsory.

20. One-Child Policy
This policy has become one of the most prominent ways in which the state intrudes in family life. In 2000, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the State Council of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) issued a joint “Decision on Strengthening Population and Family Planning Work.” In 2001, the NPC passed the Legislation on Population and Birth Planning.

21. One-Child Policy
The document legalized the population policy of controlling population growth and implemented the basic state policy of family planning in a comprehensive way. The legislation suggested late marriage and late childbearing, and advocated the continuing practice of “one child per couple.” It continues to be illegal to have a second child in most urban areas, and illegal in almost all provinces for a single woman to have a child.

23. One-Child Policy
Since the implementation of the “one-child” family planning policy, the average fertility rate has dropped from
six children per family in the 1970s
two per family in 2000
about 1.44 per family in 2002 and
down to 1.27 per family in 2014

24. One-Child Policy
It also asserts that the decline in the growth rate has improved healthcare among women and children. This is largely attributable to the prevalence of contraceptives and the large number of induced abortions that have occurred as long-term birth control has been made both more widely available and compulsory.

25. One-Child Policy
Another explanation for the success of China’s one-child policy has been strict government enforcement.
After 1979, having more than one child was illegal and punishable by fines and jail time. The 2001 legislation lists all punishments for those who break official rules of family planning.

26. One-Child Policy
The second consequence for a couple bearing a child outside the plan may lead to the immediate end of their career or professional development.
Connecting young people’s careers to family planning provided a powerful control since most of young couple did not want to risk their profession.

27. One-Child Policy
The third punishment for those failing to follow the plan is to face administrative discipline, including demotion, relocation, or even termination of employment. Since employers or officials at all levels are subject to rewards or penalties based on their efforts in reaching the population control goals, their promotion and pay-raises depend on meeting population targets set up by their superiors.

28. One-Child Policy
Forced abortions
Gender imbalance
Late marriage

29. Policy Practice and Control
In 2002, the laws related to the one-child policy were amended to allow ethnic minorities and Chinese living in rural areas to have more than one child, since the policy was not even previously enforced.

30. Policy Practice and Control
The population control program continues to negatively affect Chinese women. Intense pressure to meet birth limitation targets set by government regulations resulted in instances of local birth–planning officials using physical coercion to meet government goals. Violent actions, such as forced abortions and sterilization, have been taken against many women who did not follow the government’s one- child policy.

31. Policy Practice and Control
In an effort to meet local sterilization targets, officials in Gansu, who were often promised a promotion or monetary reward, reportedly forcibly detained and sterilized a Tibetan woman who had abided by local population planning requirements.
In March 2008, family-planning officials in Henan reportedly forcibly detained a 23-year-old woman who was seven months pregnant. According to UN reports, the officials tied her to a bed, induced labor, and killed the newborn upon delivery.

32. Policy Practice and Control
In April 2008, population-planning officials in Shandong reportedly detained and beat the sister of a woman who had illegally conceived a second child in an attempt to compel the woman to undergo an abortion.
In November in Xinjiang, family-planning officials and police escorted a Uyghur woman, Arzigul Tursun, who was more than six months pregnant with her third child, to the hospital for an abortion. Tursun had gone into hiding to save her pregnancy, but returned amid threats that her family’s home and land would be confiscated.

33. Policy Practice and Control

34. Policy Practice and Control