1. Chapter 12 Instructional Materials

2. IS THERE A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS AND INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

3. INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS

4. INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

5. Instructional Methods and Material are NOT the same and a clear distinction should be made between them . Instructional Methods are the way information is thought Instructional Material include print and non print media used to transmit information and the accompanying hardware and software needed for delivery.

6. Instructional Materials
Definition: It is a vehicle by which information is communicated
Purposes: to help the nurse educator deliver a message creatively and clearly intended to supplement, rather than replace, the act of teaching and the role of the teacher

7. General Principles of Effectiveness
Media should:
Change behavior by influencing a gain in cognitive, affective, and/or psychomotor skills
Enhance learning—no one tool is better than another
Complement the instructional methods

8. General Principles (cont’d)
Media should (cont’d):
Match available financial resources
Be appropriate for physical environment
Complement learners’ sensory abilities, developmental stage, and educational level
Impart accurate, current, valid and appropriate messages
Add diversity and information to learning

9. Choosing Instructional Materials
Three Major Variables to Consider when choosing instructional material
1. Characteristics of the Learner
Sensorimotor abilities
Physical attributes
Reading skills
Motivational level
Developmental stages
Learning styles

10. CHOOSING INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
2. Characteristics of the Media
Print
Nonprint
Models
Audiovisual

11. CHOOSING INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
3. Characteristics of the Task
Learning domain
Complexity of behavior

12. Three Major Components of Instructional Materials
Delivery System
Definition : both the software (physical form) and the hardware used to present materials
Examples
Software (physical form) : Power Point slides , DVDs
Hardware : computer, DVD players

13. COMPONENTS (CONT’D)
2. Content
Definition: actual information imparted to the learner
Selection criteria for content
Accuracy
Appropriateness for skill determination
Readability

14. COMPONENTS (CONT’D) 3. Presentation
Definition: Weston and Canston (1986) states that the form of the message; in other words how information is presented is the form most important for selecting/developing instructional materials
They describe the form of the message as occurring a long a continuum from Concrete to Abstract including ;

15. COMPONENTS (CONT’D)
Realia: most Concrete and accurate form of stimuli used to deliver information e.g . An actual woman or mannequin demonstrating breast-self examination
Illusionary representations: Less concrete e.g. real life visual and auditory media such as audiotapes on how to discriminate between normal and abnormal lung sound
Symbolic representations: most abstract types of message /stimuli used for instruction e.g. Audiotapes ,oral; presentation, graphs written text ,handout….

16. Types of Instructional Materials
Written (Printed) Materials

17. Written (Printed) Materials
Advantages
Available to learner in absence of teacher
Widely acceptable, familiar
Readily available
Relatively cheap
Convenient form
Learner controls rate of reading
Content easily altered to target specific audiences

18. WRITTEN MATERIALS (CONT’D)
Disadvantages
Most abstract form of reality
Immediate feedback limited
Proper reading level essential for full usefulness
Less useful with low literate learners or visually or cognitively impaired learners
Inappropriate for illiterate learners

19. Written Materials
Example of Written Materials ; Commercially Prepared materials
These materials includes material that prepared by companies that may or may not produced in collaboration with health professionals ,which raises the questions of how factual the information may be.

20. Written Materials
Factors to be considered when using Commercially Prepared materials
Who produced the item? Was there any input by healthcare professionals?
Can the item be previewed?
The price must be consistent with its educational value.

21. Written Materials
Example of Written Materials ;Instructor Composed Material Educators may choose to write their own instructional material for the purpose of cost saving or the need to tailor content to specific audience.

22. Guidelines for writing Effective Instructor Composed Material
Fit your own institution’s policies, procedures and equipment.
Build in answers to those questions asked most frequently by your patients.
Highlight points considered especially important by your healthcare team.
Reinforce specific oral instructions and clarify difficult concepts.

23. Evaluating Printed Materials
Educator must consider :
Nature of the audience
Literacy level required
Linguistic variety available
Brevity and clarity
Layout and appearance
Opportunity for repetition
Concreteness and familiarity

24. DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS
Demonstration materials includes many types of non-print media, such as models and real equipment as well as displays, such as posters ,diagrams, illustrations ,charts bulletin boards …..

25. DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS
Advantages
Fast way to attract attention, make a point
Flexible
Portable
Reusable
Stimulate interest or ideas in observer
Can change or influence attitudes
Purchasable and/or can be made

26. DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS (CONT’D)
Disadvantages
Take up a lot of space
Time-consuming to prepare—often reused, outdated
May be overused
Unsuitable for large audiences

27. Demonstration Materials
Models

28. Demonstration Materials
Models are usually three-dimensional instructional tools that allow the learner to immediately apply knowledge and psychomotor skills by observing ,examining ,manipulating handling ,assembling and disassembling objects while the teacher provides feedback (Rankin & Stealing 2001)

29. Demonstration Materials Models
Advantages
Useful when real object is too small, too large, too expensive, unavailable, or too complex
Allows safe, hands-on practice
More active involvement by the learner with immediate feedback available
Readily available

30. DEMONSTRATION MATERIALS MODELS (CONT’D)
Disadvantages
May not be suitable for learner with poor abstraction abilities or for visually impaired
Some models fragile, expensive, bulky, or difficult to transport
Cannot be observed or manipulated by more than a few learners at a time

31. Demonstration Materials
Displays

32. Demonstration Materials
Displays such as chalkboards, boards, flipchart are two-dimensional objects ,they are useful tools for a variety of teaching purposes to clarify, reinforce or summarize information on important topics and themes.

33. Demonstration Materials
Displays
Babcock and Miller (1994) suggested important guidelines when using chalkboards and white marker boards as follows;
Be sure that writing is legible and discernible
Step a side and face the audience after putting notations on the boards to maintain contact with audience
Allow audience time to copy the message
Enlist a good note taker to capture a creative design or record an idea before the board is erased

34. Demonstration Materials
Posters
Which poster is more helpful ….!!!

35. Demonstration Materials
Although they are a type of display material ,posters are being addressed separately because they have become increasingly unique, popular and important educational tools

36. Demonstration Materials
Posters
When using poster the educators must Consider:
Color (opposite spectrum, one color should make up as 70% of the display)
Graphics should be easily interpreted
White space and another background color
Avoid unfamiliar words and symbols
KISS principle (keep it small and simple)
Keep learning objectives in mind for the focus of the display tool
Be sure content is free from spelling and grammar mistake
Balance Titles / Script

37. Audiovisual Materials
Factors in selection
Technical feasibility
Economic feasibility
Social/political acceptability
Instructor familiarity

38. AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS

39. AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS
Technology software and hardware are exceptional aids because many can influence all three domains of learning by promoting cognitive development ,stimulating attitude change, and helps to build psychomotor skills

40. AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS
Audiovisual materials can be categorized in to five major types ;
Projected Learning Resources
Audio Learning Resources
Video Learning Resources
Telecommunications Learning Resources
Computer Learning Resources

41. Projected Learning Resources
Projected Learning Resources such as;
Power Points
Overhead transparencies

42. Projected Learning Resources
Advantages
Most effectively used with groups
Especially beneficial with hearing-impaired, low- literate learners
Excellent media for use in teaching psychomotor skills

43. PROJECTED LEARNING RESOURCES (CONT’D)
Disadvantages
Lack of flexibility due to static content of some forms
Some forms may be expensive
Requires darkened room for some forms
Requires special equipment for use

44. Audio Learning Resources
Audio Learning Resources includes CDs, Digital Sound Files, Radio
Advantages
Widely available
May be especially beneficial to visually-impaired, low literate learners
May be listened to repeatedly
Most forms practical, cheap, small, portable

45. AUDIO LEARNING RESOURCES (CONT’D)
Disadvantages
Relies only on sense of hearing
Some forms may be expensive
Lack of opportunity for interaction between instructor and learner

46. Video Learning Resources
Video Learning Resources includes ; Digital Video Files, DVDs, Webinars
Advantages
Widely used educational tool
Inexpensive; uses visual, auditory senses
Flexible for use with different audiences
Powerful tool for role-modeling and demonstration
Effective for teaching psychomotor skills

47. VIDEO LEARNING RESOURCES (CONT’D)
Disadvantages
Viewing formats limited depending on use of VHS or DVD
Some commercial products may be expensive
Some purchased materials may be too long or inappropriate for audience

48. Telecommunications Learning Resources
Telecommunications Learning Resources includes Television, Telephones
Advantages
Relatively inexpensive, widely available
Disadvantages
Complicated to set up interactive capability
Expensive to broadcast via satellite

49. Computer Learning Resources
In our technological society ,the computer has changed our lives dramatically and has found widespread application in industry, business, schools and homes
Examples of Computer Learning Resources (See chapter 12 page 504)

50. COMPUTER LEARNING RESOURCES (CONT’D)

51. COMPUTER LEARNING RESOURCES
Advantages
Interactive potential: quick feedback, retention
Potential database is enormous
Can individualize to suit different types of learners, different pace of learning
Time efficient

52. COMPUTER LEARNING RESOURCES (CONT’D)
Disadvantages
Primary learning efficacy: cognitive domain less useful for attitude/behavior change or psychomotor skill development
Software and hardware expensive
Must be purchased
Limited use for most older adults, low-literate learners, those with physical limitations

53. Evaluation Criteria for Selecting Materials
Considerations for Selecting Materials
Learner characteristics
Task(s) to be achieved
Media available

54. State of the Evidence
Performance is improved and learner satisfaction increased with visual reinforcement.
Distance learning is an increasingly viable option for learners.

55. Learning Pyramid ; information retention based on the level of active learner involvement
Source : Adopted from National Training Laboratories. Institutes of Applied Behavioral Science

56. Summary
Instructional materials should be used to support learning by complementing and supplementing your teaching, not by substituting for it.