Reproductive System — Female

Reproductive System — Female
Chapter 8 PowerPoint Lecture Notes to Accompany Medical Terminology Simplified, Fifth Edition Barbara A. Gylys ∙ Regina M. Masters 1

Organs of the Female Reproductive System
Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina Vulva Mammary glands Female Reproductive System, Lateral view 2

Ovaries Ovaries Two ovaries located on each side of the uterus within the pelvic cavity Production of estrogen and progesterone, which affects puberty, menstruation, and pregnancy Female reproductive system, anterior view with developing follicles shown in cross section of right ovary 3 3

Function of the Female Reproductive System
Fallopian tubes Extend laterally at superior angle from the uterus Pathway of ovum into uterus Fimbria ― fingerlike projections that propel the ovum into the oviduct 4 4

Uterus Muscular, hollow, pear-shaped structure suspended by ligaments in the pelvic cavity (see illustration) Responsible for housing and nourishing the embryo from implantation of the fertilized egg until birth 5 5

Mammary glands Glandular lobes located in the breast of females that contain milk ducts, which lead to an opening in the nipple of the breast Not directly involved in reproduction More important after delivery Production of milk to nourish neonate after birth 6 6

Fertilization An ovum leaves the ovaries and travels through the fallopian tube. Fertilization takes place if sperm cells are present and unite with the ovum. Fertilized egg implants then divides to form a ball of cells, called a zygote (and later an embryo and then a fetus).

Pregnancy If fertilization occurs, the egg implants in the uterine endometrium. Placenta forms within the uterine wall Amnion holds the fetus in an amniotic cavity Nutrients, oxygen and wastes exchange between fetus and mother Placenta produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Pregnancy A, Implantation in the uterus.
B, Embryo’s relationship to the placenta

Pregnancy Progesterone maintains placenta development
Uterus expands as fetus grows Normal delivery fetal position in cephalic presentation (head first)

8 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—FEMALE Structure and Function Exercise
Where are the ovaries located? What is the biological role of mammary glands? Pedagogical Note: Questions only are presented on the first slide. Questions with answers (in red) are presented on the following slide. For testing purposes, you may wish to use only the question slides.

8 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—FEMALE Structure and Function Exercise
Where are the ovaries located? Pelvic cavity, one on each side of the uterus What is the biological role of mammary glands? Secrete milk for nourishment of the newborn Pedagogical Note: Questions only are presented on the first slide. Questions with answers (in red) are presented on the following slide. For testing purposes, you may wish to use only the question slides.

Gestation is the period from the fertilization of the ovum until birth.
Parturition refers to the process of giving birth.

Define Combining Forms- page
oophor/o, ovari/o: colp/o, vagin/o: hyster/o, uter/o: metr/o: Female reproductive system, anterior view with developing follicles shown in cross section of right ovary. 14

8 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—FEMALE Define Combining Forms
oophor/o, ovari/o: ovary colp/o, vagin/o: vagina hyster/o, uter/o: uterus metr/o: uterus (womb); measure Female reproductive system, anterior view with developing follicles shown in cross section of right ovary. 15

cervic/o: salping/o: mamm/o, mast/o: vulv/o, episi/o: Female reproductive system, anterior view with developing follicles shown in cross section of right ovary.

cervic/o: cervix; cervix uteri (neck of uterus) salping/o: tube (fallopian or eustachian mamm/o, mast/o: breast vulv/o, episi/o: vulva Female reproductive system, anterior view with developing follicles shown in cross section of right ovary.

nat/o: galact/o: gynec/o: men/o: Pedagogical Note: Encourage students to enhance and reinforce their study of word elements for this chapter by visiting the Medical Language Lab (MLL) and completing the flashcard activities.

nat/o: birth galact/o: lact/o: milk gynec/o: woman, female men/o: menses; menstruation Pedagogical Note: Encourage students to enhance and reinforce their study of word elements for this chapter by visiting the Medical Language Lab (MLL) and completing the flashcard activities.

8 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—FEMALE Define Suffixes
-arche: -cyesis: -gravida:

-arche: beginning -cyesis: pregnancy -gravida: pregnant woman

-para: -salpinx: -tocia:

-para: to bear (offspring) -salpinx: tube (usually fallopian or eustachian [auditory] tubes) -tocia: childbirth, labor

8 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—FEMALE Build Medical Words
pertaining to (the period) before birth: / / pregnant woman (for the) first time: primi/ pregnancy (that is) false: /o/cyesis Pedagogical Note: Encourage students to enhance and reinforce their study of word elements for this chapter by visiting the Medical Language Lab (MLL) and completing the flash-card activities. 24

pertaining to (the period) before birth: pre/nat/al pregnant woman (for the) first time: primi/gravida pregnancy (that is) false: pseud/o/cyesis Pedagogical Note: To reinforce the word-building technique, encourage students to break the words down into their component parts. 25

hernia(tion) or swelling of a fallopian tube: salping/o/ bad, painful, or difficult labor or childbirth: /tocia to bear (offspring) many times: /para 26

hernia(tion) or swelling of a fallopian tube: salping/o/cele bad, painful, or difficult labor or childbirth: dys/tocia to bear (offspring) many times: multi/para 27

inflammation of the cervix uteri (neck of the uterus): surgical puncture of the amnion (amniotic sac): specialist in the study of female (disorders): Pedagogical Note: To reinforce the word-building skills, encourage students to break the words down into their component parts. 28

inflammation of the cervix uteri (neck of the uterus): cervic/itis surgical puncture of the amnion (amniotic sac): amni/o/centesis specialist in the study of female (disorders): gynec/o/logist Pedagogical Note: To reinforce the word-building skills, encourage students to break the words down into their component parts. 29

tumor of an ovary: visual examination of the uterus: excision or removal of the breast: Pedagogical Note: Questions only are presented on the first slide. Questions with answers (in red) are presented on the following slide. For testing purposes, you may wish to use only the question slides. 30

tumor of an ovary: oophor/oma visual examination of the uterus: hyster/o/scopy, uter/o/scopy excision or removal of the breast: mastect/omy Pedagogical Note: Questions only are presented on the first slide. Questions with answers (in red) are presented on the following slide. For testing purposes, you may wish to use only the question slides. 31

surgical repair of the vagina: herniation of the uterus: suture of the perineum: Pedagogical Note: To develop additional word element exercises, refer to content of the Reproductive Systems chapter in the textbook. 32

surgical repair of the vagina: vagin/o/plasty, colp/o/plasty herniation of the uterus: hyster/o/cele suture of the perineum: perine/o/rrhaphy Pedagogical Note: To develop additional word element exercises, refer to content of the Reproductive Systems chapter in the textbook. 33

8 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—FEMALE Ectopic Pregnancy
Signs and Symptoms Fertilized ovum implants and grows in places other than the uterine cavity. Common site is interior of the fallopian tube. Pedagogical Note: A “Cardinal movements at birth” animation is available at the Student Resources section of DavisPlus. A. Tubal pregnancy. B. Other sites of ectopic pregnancy. 34

Signs and Symptoms (continued) Other sites include the ovary, wall of the uterus, or anywhere in the pelvic cavity. Signs of early pregnancy may be present. Abdominal pain and tenderness, as well as slight vaginal bleeding. Rupture of a fallopian tube is life threatening and may cause severe abdominal pain and intra-abdominal bleeding.

Treatment Laparotomy with attempts to save the ovary Ruptured fallopian tube may require removal All attempts are made to save the ovary Blood transfusion may be necessary in severe intra-abdominal bleeding or hypovolemic shock. Pedagogical Note: You may wish to develop other disorders of the female reproductive system by using the same format of Signs and Symptoms followed by Treatments and Clinically Related Exercises. Illustrations are available from the image bank, or search the website for appropriate illustrations and information.

8 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—FEMALE Clinically Related Exercise
Ellen presents to the emergency department complaining of abdominal pain. Computed tomography scan of the abdomen reveals an ovum has implanted in her fallopian tube. A pregnancy for an implanted ovum outside of the uterine cavity is known as an The doctor diagnoses Heather with ectopic pregnancy. She asks her to explain what causes this condition.

Ellen presents to the emergency department complaining of abdominal pain. Computed tomography scan of the abdomen reveals an ovum has implanted in her fallopian tube. A pregnancy for an implanted ovum outside of the uterine cavity is known as an ectopic pregnancy. The doctor diagnoses Heather with ectopic pregnancy. She asks her to explain what causes this condition. The doctor explains that it is caused by a blockage or scarring of the tubes which prevents the fertilized egg from being transported to the uterus.

The nurse explains that a common cause of scarring or blockage of the fallopian tubes is due to infections such as PID. This abbreviation is defined as Jean is diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy in the fallopian tube. The obstetrician informs her of the risks involved with this type of pregnancy. What are some of these risks? Pedagogical Note: To tailor these sections to suit classroom needs, you may wish to develop additional clinically related exercises. Such exercises are available in the Activity Pack. You may also use authentic medical reports, or other website resources, including images.

The nurse explains that a common cause of scarring or blockage of the fallopian tubes is due to infections such as PID. This abbreviation is defined as pelvic inflammatory disease. Jean is diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy in the fallopian tube. The obstetrician informs her of the risks involved with this type of pregnancy. What are some of these risks? The fallopian tube may rupture, which is life threatening. It may also cause severe abdominal pain and intra-abdominal bleeding. Pedagogical Note: To tailor these sections to suit classroom needs, you may wish to develop additional clinically related exercises. Such exercises are available in the Activity Pack. You may also use authentic medical reports, or other website resources, including images.

8 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—FEMALE Breast Cancer
Signs and Symptoms Early symptoms include swelling, lump, dimpling, retraction of nipple, discharge from nipple, tenderness. Advanced symptoms include nodularity, redness, edema, ulceration of skin, enlargement or shrinkage of breast.

Signs and Symptoms (continued) Most common malignancy of women in the United States. Appears to be associated with ovarian hormonal function. High-fat diet appears to increase the incidence of breast cancer.

Signs and Symptoms (continued) Family history of breast cancer. Possibly use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), especially for prolonged periods of time.

Treatment Lumpectomy Excision of a small primary breast tumor and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it. Lumpectomy. Primary tumor in red; surrounding tissue removed in pink.

Treatment (continued) Modified radical mastectomy Excision of the entire breast, including lymph nodes in the underarm (axillary dissection) Modified radical mastectomy

Treatment (continued) Adjuvant chemotherapy may be indicated after surgery if malignant cells are found in the lymph nodes. Any combination of surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy. Most women who have mastectomies today have modified radical mastectomies.

Mrs. S had a mastectomy because of breast cancer. The doctor explains the postsurgical adjuvant chemotherapy he is recommending. Can you explain the purpose of adjuvant chemotherapy? Lisa detects a lump in her breast while performing breast self-examination. After mammography shows a small tumor, an excision of the breast tumor is performed. This is known as a

Mrs. S had a mastectomy because of breast cancer. The doctor explains the postsurgical adjuvant chemotherapy he is recommending. Can you explain the purpose of adjuvant chemotherapy? Chemotherapy is used to enhance or extend the effects of surgery and to eliminate any possible metastasis. Lisa detects a lump in her breast while performing breast self- examination. After mammography shows a small tumor, an excision of the breast tumor is performed. This is known as a lumpectomy.

Sasha is diagnosed with breast cancer and asks the doctor the types of treatments prescribed for breast cancer besides surgery.

Sasha is diagnosed with breast cancer and asks the doctor the types of treatments prescribed for breast cancer besides surgery. The physician explains that radiation, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy are the treatments other than surgery.

Mary is scheduled for a modified radical mastectomy to treat her breast cancer. This surgical procedure involves removal of the entire breast and excision of the underarm lymph nodes. The medical term for removal of the lymph node is

Mary is scheduled for a modified radical mastectomy to treat her breast cancer. This surgical procedure involves removal of the entire breast and excision of the underarm lymph nodes. The medical term for removal of the lymph node is lymphadenectomy.

8 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—FEMALE Endometriosis
Signs and Symptoms Growth of endometrial tissue in areas outside the uterus. Most commonly within the pelvic area. Endometriosis

8 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—FEMALE Endometriosis
Signs and Symptoms (continued) Dysmenorrhea with pain in lower back and vagina. Severity of pain is not indicative of extent of the disease. Dyspareunia, dysuria, and, sometimes, painful defecation.

A 15-year-old arrives at the clinic for birth control counseling. After weighing her options, she decides that birth control pills are her best option because they are highly reliable and easy to use. The abbreviation for the oral contraceptives is June comes into the clinic complaining of pain during sexual intercourse. The medical assistant documents this complaint as (dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, dysuria).

A 15-year-old arrives at the clinic for birth control counseling. After weighing her options, she decides that birth control pills are her best option because they are highly reliable and easy to use. The abbreviation for the oral contraceptives is OCPs. June comes into the clinic complaining of pain during sexual intercourse. The medical assistant documents this complaint as (dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, dysuria).

Joan, a 22-year-old, presents to the office with severe pain with menstruation. Her complaint is documented as During laparoscopy, ectopic deposits of endometrial tissue are noted within the pelvis. The doctor charts this condition of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus as (endometritis, histometrial, endometriosis).

Joan, a 22-year-old, presents to the office with severe pain with menstruation. Her complaint is documented as dysmenorrhea. During laparoscopy, ectopic deposits of endometrial tissue are noted within the pelvis. The doctor charts this condition of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus as (endometritis, histometrial, endometriosis).

8 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—FEMALE Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
curet: fistula: Pedagogical Note: Questions only are presented on the first slide. Questions with answers (in red) are presented on the following slide. For testing purposes, you may wish to use only the question slides. 59

curet: instrument used to scrape the endometrium of the uterus during a D&C fistula: abnormal connection or passageway between two organs or vessels that do not normally connect 60

gametes: gestation: 61

gametes: reproductive cells of the male and female that fuse during fertilization; in the female it is the ovum, and in the male, the sperm gestation: length of time from conception to birth; normally 36 weeks in humans 62

retroversion: sterility: 63

retroversion: state of being turned back or a tipping, especially an organ, such as the uterus sterility: inability of the female to become pregnant or the male to impregnate the female 64

8 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—FEMALE Diagnostic Procedures
Laparoscopy Visual examination of abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall, usually at the umbilicus. Laparoscopy

Colposcopy Examination of the cervix, vagina, and vulva with a colposcope. Used to detect signs of disease. Hysterosalpingography Radiography, and usually fluoroscopy of the uterus and uterine tubes. Radiography is performed following injection of a contrast medium.

Mammography Radiography of the breast to detect tumors, cysts, and microcalcifications, and to locate a malignant lesion. Pap test Detects abnormal cells in cervix and vagina.

visual examination of the vagina: process of recording (radiography) the uterus and fallopian tubes: instrument to examine the abdomen:

visual examination of the vagina: colposcopy process of recording (radiography) the uterus and fallopian tubes: hysterosalpingography instrument to examine the abdomen: laparoscope

incision of the vulva: surgical repair of the breast: visual examination of the abdomen: excision or removal of the breast:

incision of the vulva: episiotomy surgical repair of the breast: mammoplasty, mastoplasty visual examination of the abdomen: laparoscopy excision or removal of the breast: mastectomy Pedagogical Note: Have students place a slash between each word element to identify the word parts and combining vowels.

8 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—FEMALE Medical and Surgical Procedures
Dilation and Curettage (D&C) Widening of cervical canal with a dilator Scraping the uterine endometrium with a curet. 72

D&C (continued) Curettage (scraping) the uterine endometrium with a serrated uterine curet. 73

Cerclage Sutures are used to close the cervix. Helps prevent premature birth. Decreases chance of spontaneous abortion. Sutures are removed before delivery. 74

Amniocentesis Transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac under ultrasound guidance to remove amniotic fluid. Amniocentesis 75

Hysterectomy with structure shaded purple Subtotal hysterectomy (cervix not removed). Total hysterectomy (cervix removed) Total hysterectomy plus bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy Hysterectomy

Reconstructive breast surgery Tissue (skin) expansion Breast reconstruction in which a balloon expander is inserted beneath the skin and chest muscle. Saline solution is gradually injected to increase size, and expander is replaced with a permanent implant. Tissue expander for breast reconstruction

Transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap Surgical creation of a skin flap (using skin and fat from lower half of abdomen), which is passed under the skin to the breast area, shaped into a natural-looking breast, and sutured in place. Process of TRAM reconstruction

Mary presents to the obstetric clinic in her early third trimester with symptoms of premature labor. The physician recommends a procedure to suture the cervix to prevent premature labor and decrease the chance of spontaneous abortion. This procedure is called Patient is scheduled for removal of her uterus and both fallopian tubes. The physician charts this surgical procedure as a total hysterectomy plus bilateral A:

Mary presents to the obstetric clinic in her early third trimester with symptoms of premature labor. The physician recommends a procedure to suture the cervix to prevent premature labor and decrease the chance of spontaneous abortion. This procedure is called cerclage. Patient is scheduled for removal of her uterus and both fallopian tubes. The physician charts this surgical procedure as a total hysterectomy plus bilateral A: salpingo-oophorectomy.

The patient is scheduled for a transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac under ultrasound guidance to remove amniotic fluid to find out if her baby has any genetic abnormalities. The physician documents this procedure as an The patient is scheduled for removal of her uterus with the cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes intact. The physician charts this surgical procedure as a

The patient is scheduled for a transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac under ultrasound guidance to remove amniotic fluid to find out if her baby has any genetic abnormalities. The physician documents this procedure as an amniocentesis. The patient is scheduled for removal of her uterus with the cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes intact. The physician charts this surgical procedure as a subtotal hysterectomy.

Ms. Y presents with heavy bleeding over the last 6 months and is scheduled to have a scraping of uterine endometrium with a curet after dilation of the cervix. The abbreviation for this procedure is Susan is considering reconstructive breast surgery following her mastectomy and is considering the TRAM flap procedure. What is the meaning of the abbreviation TRAM?

Ms. Y presents with heavy bleeding over the last 6 months and is scheduled to have a a scraping of uterine endometrium with a curet after dilation of the cervix. The abbreviation for this procedure is D&C. Susan is considering reconstructive breast surgery following her mastectomy and is considering the TRAM flap procedure. What is the meaning of the abbreviation TRAM? transverse rectus abdominis muscle

8 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM—FEMALE Pharmacology
Topical Antifungals Used to treat vaginal yeast infections Alter cell wall of fungi or disrupt enzyme activity Results in cellular death Estrogens Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) to correct estrogen deficiency Chemotherapy for some types of cancer Pedagogical Note: A “Medication absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion” animation is available at the “Student Online Resource Center” of DavisPlus. 85

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Used to correct deficiency of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone Relieves symptoms of menopause Prevents osteoporosis in women 86

Oral contraceptives (OCPs) Synthetic hormones used to prevent pregnancy Used to treat menstrual disorders Also known as birth control pills Pedagogical Note: A “Medication absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion” animation is available at the Student Resources section of DavisPlus. 87

The patient presents with a vaginal yeast infection. The physician prescribes a suppository (antifungal, estrogen, HRT). Mrs. A is menopausal and has symptoms of vaginal dryness and hot flashes. The physician writes her a prescription for an agent known as an (antifungal, estrogen, OCP).

Lauren, a 22-year-old, is sexually active with her husband but wants to wait a couple of years before having children. The nurse practitioner explains the most effective option to prevent conception is to use an agent known as an (antifungal, estrogen, OCP).

Mrs. C is postsurgical total hysterectomy plus bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The gynecologist prescribes HRT now that the ovaries are removed and unable to produce estrogen and progesterone. The HRT abbreviation means

Mrs. C is postsurgical total hysterectomy plus bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. The gynecologist prescribes HRT now that the ovaries are removed and unable to produce estrogen and progesterone. The HRT abbreviation means hormone replacement therapy.

Copyright © 2014 by F. A. Davis Company. All rights reserved
Copyright © 2014 by F.A. Davis Company. All rights reserved. This product is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means— electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without written permission from the publisher.

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