1. Collaboration in the Construction of Epidemiology Information Interchange System for Migratory Diseases and Insect Pests in Asia Region (IPM)
M.G.D.Lakmini Priyantha, Ph.D.
Department of Agriculture, Sri Lanka
AFACI / Programme workshop on Food Crops
Siem Reap, Cambodia
20-24, September

2. Introduction
As a result of cultivating resistant varieties, presently BPH or WBPH associated virus diseases has not become a serious problem in the country
Virulence of BPH population varies from region to region
Virulence could change over time due to rapid adaption of the pest to previously resistant varieties
Resurgence of BPH due to insecticide application in the early stages of the rice crop is caused as a result of increased mortality of natural enemies

3. Introduction Cont….
Vegetable crops grown in Sri Lanka are highly affected by a range of pests and associated virus diseases
Whitefly transmitted pepper leaf curl virus, tomato leaf curl virus, beans horse gram mosaic virus, okra yellow vein mosaic virus and cucurbit viruses are the most prevalent
Vegetable farmers depend heavily on pesticides to keep their crops free of pests
Resulted many undesirable problems such as pesticide resistance, adverse effect on natural enemies, excessive residue on harvested crops, environmental contamination and serious health hazards.

4. The information gathered from surveillance system and IPM protocols develop by AFACI/ IPM project would enable the research and extension workers to arrive a better control strategy with minimum environmental polution

5. General information on agriculture statistics
Agriculture activities contribute to GDP- 7.9 %
Expanded by 5.5 per cent, mainly due to the significant growth in growing of rice (23.3 %) and vegetables (24.9 %),
Amidst the contraction in fishing (-2.7 %), growing of rubber (-10.1 %) and growing of tea (-2.6 %)

6. Rice occupies approximately 33% of the total cultivated land extent in Sri Lanka of 0.78 million ha.
Sri Lanka has reached self sufficiency in rice by the year 2010,
The rice production in 2015 was 3,380,780 mt
Approximately 0.3 million tons of rice were in excess
Vegetables are cultivated in 90,518 ha with an annual production of over 1 million tons
In year 2015, field crops were cultivated in 216,741 ha and produced approximately a grain yield of 1, mt

7. Varietal distribution of paddy extent by age group

8. 2016 field survey results for Rice plant hoppers, rice viruses and plant species

9. The Effect Of Flowering Plants To Enhance Natural Enemy Population In Paddy Fields
Rice ecosystems have a great diversity of naturally occurring arthropods that function as natural enemies, highly vulnerable to pesticides.
Modification of habitats using ecological engineering concepts is one of the best options to conserve these predators and parasitoids
Impact of flowering plants on the enhancement of natural enemy populations and rice pest control was assessed maintaining a flower border consisting with Tagets lemmonii and Zinnia elegans species

11. The abundance of all pest species were low in the Yala season in compared to Maha season except Mites and GLH, of which the abundance were significantly high during the Maha season
There was significant interaction between the season and effect of flower strip with respect to GLH, while for other species the interactions were not significant.

12. Most of the hymenopterans, /particularly species of family Braconidae, Ichneumonidae and Scelionidae are serve as parasitoids on rice pest species and they are preferred to feed on nectar of various flowers species. The abundance of spiders was also significantly high

14. Effect of flower boarder in pests control
Figure 1 Variation of insect pest and naturral enemy populations in field with flower-border during Yala 2015 and Maha 2015/2016 (ne-Natural enemies; p-insect pests)

15. Figure 2 Variation of insect pest and natural-enemy populations in field without flower-border during Yala 2015 and Maha 2015/2016 (ne-Natural enemies; p-insect pests)

16. Table 3 Relationship of Natural enemies and rice insect pests in the research fields of with and without the flower- border during Yala 2015 and Maha 15/2016
BPH
Thrips PB
Mites
ZLH
WBPH
GLH
Hymenopteran sp.
0.0712
0.9253√
0.1790
0.0484*√
0.0039*√
0.5937√
0.0004*√
Spiders1
0.9765
0.7701
0.2007
0.0004*
0.3900√
0.0235*√
0.0023*√
Coccinellid beetles
0.1606
0.1000
0.4055√
<0.0001*√
0.0148*√
0.4129
0.0115*√
Cyrtorhinus sp.
0.7138√
0.4066√
0.8837√
<0.0001*
0.0005*
0.1097√
Rove beetles
0.5736√
0.0926
0.0014*√
0.003*√
0.0019*
0.0028*
0.0001*
Dipteran sp.
0.0041*√
0.0001*√
0.0002*√
0.2557

17. Conclusion
The population level of insect pest was significantly below (p< 0.05) than the natural enemy population in the field with flower-border both in Yala and Maha seasons.
When the natural enemy population is increased the population levels of insect pest is reduced in both seasons.
Natural enemy and pest population were fluctuating within each season; however, the former was always suppressing and kept the pest population under controlled.

18. Vegetable pests and associated viruses

19. Effect of shade on pepper leaf curl virus in Sri Lanka
Preliminary study was conducted during maha 2014/15 at
Treatments
supplying artificial shade using coconut leaves supported on wooden frames established 0.3 meters above the pepper canopy level
application of liquid fertilizers
spraying insecticides
control treatment

20. Treatments
Supplying artificial shade using coconut leaves established on wooden frames built up using Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) sticks 1.2 meters above the pepper canopy,
Planting single row of maize (Zea mays L.) (variety: Ruwan, 2 plants/hill basis) after each two rows of pepper crop, planting single row of okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.) (variety: MI 07, 2 plants/hill basis) after each two rows of pepper crop,
Application of insecticides
control treatment (i.e. without supplying artificial shade).

21. Treatment Canopy colour
Table 4: Canopy colour of pepper affected by different treatments in preliminary study during maha 2014/15
Treatment
Canopy colour
30 DAP
50 DAP
70 DAP
Shade 2 1
Application of liquid fertilizer 3 4
Spraying insecticides
Control
Note: DAP = Days after transplanting
Colour scale: 1- Dark green, 2- light green, 3- yellowish green, 4- yellow

22. Table 5: Pepper leaf curl virus severity affected by different
treatments in preliminary study during maha 2014/15
Treatment
DSI
30 DAP
40 DAP
50 DAP
60 DAP
70 DAP
Shade
34.0 b
38.8 b
44.4 b
42.1 b
31.8 b
Application of liquid fertilizer
51.0 a
59.9 a
77.7 a
84.3 a
82.1 a
Spraying insecticides
36.6 b
68.8 a
79.9 a
88.8 a
Control
57.7 a
56.6 a
78.8 a
89.9 a
95.5 a
CV%
13.8
11.73
13.2
7.05
14.46

23. Canopy colour 90 days after transplanting
Table 6: Canopy colour of pepper affected by different treatments
during yala 2015
Treatment
Canopy colour 90 days after transplanting
Colour code
Colour group
Shade supplied by coconut leaves
N137A
Green group
Growing Okra
146A
Yellow green group
Growing maize
Chemical application
Control

24. Table 7: Leaf curl virus incidence and severity of pepper affected by different treatments during yala 2015
Treatment DI
DSI
Shade supplied by coconut leaves
36.75 c
51.48 c
Growing Okra
65.29 a
75.67 a
Growing maize
58.93 ab
70.61 a
Chemical application
52.19 b
62.46 b
Control
58.85 ab
72.84 a
CV%
16.48
11.76
LSD
8.67
2.04

25. Table 8: Growth parameters of pepper crop under different treatments during yala 2015
Av. Plant
Height (cm)
Av. canopy
diameter (cm)
Shade supplied by coconut leaves
53.6 a
43.23 a
Growing Okra
28.8 c
22.66 c
Growing maize
37.36 b
28.83 bc
Chemical application
32.7 b
Control
28 c
24.7 c
CV%
7.3
12.66
LSD
5.08
7.25

26. Table 9: Yield parameters of pepper crop under different treatments during yala 2015
Nu. of
pods
Av. pod
length (cm)
diameter (cm)
Av. Fresh yield (kg/ha)
Shade supplied by coconut leaves
1663 a
6.85 a
1.11 a
3731 b
Growing Okra
796 b
5.85 b
1.02 ab
1193 c
Growing maize
692 b
6.14 b
1.03 ab
1031 c
Chemical application
2186 a
6.31 b
1.01 b
3827 a
Control
1010 b
5.91 b
0.99 b
2227 c
CV%
23.98
4.52
4.72
LSD
573.6
0.53
0.092
1591

27. Table 10: Average populations of insects affected by different
treatments during yala 2015
Treatment
Av. nu. of plants
with mites’ damage
with thrips’ damage
Number of white flies
Shade supplied by coconut leaves
33 a
15.07 c
3.66 b
Growing Okra
5.61 b
42.06 a
21 a
Growing maize
5.32 b
31.39 ab
17 a
Chemical application
1.91 c
34.84 ab
16 a
Control
1.90 c
23.71 bc
20 a
CV%
13.23
19.28
LSD
3.12
12.97

29. Conclusion
Artificial shade supplied using coconut leaves significantly reduced the pepper leaf curl virus
Shading the pepper crop by growing maize (variety; Ruwan) and okra (variety; MI -7) has not been much successful could de due to poor coverage of pepper crop by maize canopy and poor growth of okra plants especially due to frequently occurred hopper damage and infection of Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus.
LCV can be effectively controlled by supplying artificial shade.
However, effective control measures should be implied to avoid population buildup of mites in pepper crop grown under artificial shade.

30. Development of IPM package for the management of tomato pests and viruses

31. Treatments
Establishment of a live barrier (three rows of maize at spacing of 10 cm within and 30 cm between rows) surrounding the field at 2 weeks before establishment of tomato seeds
Seed treatment (Thiamethoxam 70%WS at 10 g/kg seeds)
Mulching the field using 0.6 m. wide, ash colour normal polythene in both sides along the planting row.
Removing and destroying the virus infected plants immediately after detection
Treating the plants with the recommended insecticide schedule until 7 weeks after planting
. At dap – Thiamethoxam 25% WG followed by ´ Buprofesin 10% WP – 5 g/10l Acetamiprid 20% SP-10 g/10l and
Abamectin 1.8% EC -6ml/10 l at day intervals
Establish Yellow sticky traps of 0.6 mx0.3 m. at l trap/4 plants
Weed control within and surrounding the field.

32. 2016 Project outcomes
Priyantha M.G.D.L., A.R.J. Athukorala, J.A.V.J. Jayasinghe and D.M.K. Dissanayaka (2015), Effects of shade on chilli leaf curl virus of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.), Annals of Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture, 17:
Priyantha M.G.D.L. (2015), Use of shade for the management of Chilli Leaf curl Virus, Govikam sagarawa,
M.A.R.A. Mandanayaka, M.G.D.L.Priyantha, A.P.Benthota, U.G.A.I. Sirisena, A.M.K.R. Bandara, U.C. Kahawaththa (2016), The effect of flowering plants to enhance natural enemy population in paddy fields: an ecological engineering approach Annals of Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture, 18: In press

33. 2017 Project plan Survey plan for rice insect pests and viruses
Collecting pest surveillance data with climatic data and development of prediction model
Identification of best management practice for rice BPH
Survey plan for vegetable insect pests and viruses
Molecular and serological detection of viruses
Identification of best management practices for pepper and tomato viruses

34. 2017 Project plan
Plan for utilization of research products from 2016 IPM project
Future studies are needed to determine the spacing of each flower border, which will impact on the dispersal of natural enemies in between the rice crop and non-crop habitats. The flower border may be replaced with suitable flowering plants based on the availability; however, selection of such border plants should be selective, in order to prevent insect pest harbouring on them using as an alternate host
Shading the pepper crop by growing maize (variety; Ruwan) and okra (variety; MI -7) has not been much successful could de due to poor coverage of pepper crop by maize canopy and poor growth of okra plants especially due to frequently occurred hopper damage and infection of Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (YMV)
The experiment can be repeated increasing the planting density of maize to supply effective canopy cover for shading, testing resistant variety of okra for YMV with effective plant protection measures or testing the performance of foxtail millet on controlling LCV under Sri Lankan condition

35. Discussion and suggestions
Advantages, good points, disadvantages, obstacles in performing IPM project
Vegetable viruses and their associated pests were identified
We have little knowledge on the LAMP technology, serological and molecular detection of viruses and pests up to species level.

36. Discussion and suggestions
How to further develop the AFACI IPM project
A training programme is required to expose for the serology and molecular detection of pests species and viruses and to maintain uniformity among member countries .
What do you think is necessary or required for development of the IPM project
Exposure visits to developed techniques in other member countries would help to further development of the project

37. Researchers involved Dr. Lakmini Priyantha GDSN Chandrasena
Name
Designation & station
Dr. Lakmini Priyantha
GDSN Chandrasena
Deputy Director, SCS, Gannoruwa
Research Officer, RRDC, Bombuwala
Dr. RGAS Rajapaksha
Research Officer, HORDI
LD Galanihe
KNC Gunewardena
Research Officer, FCRDI
MARA Madanayaka
Research Officer, RRDI, Batalagoda

38. Thank You