1. Forty years ago with famine looming, the cover of the Far Eastern Economic Review 1967 Yearbook, showed a hungry Asian child holding out his empty broken bowl for more…Indeed, Hunger was the big story in Asia in the 1960s.

3. The Solution IRRI
IR8 had already been released by November and distributed as the first modern semi- dwarf rice variety.

4. It jump-started Asia’s Green Revolution in rice.
Rice production increased 170 percent during the period.

6. Rice Typhoon..
into the world…..
Philippines

7. Korea in 1970’s

18. Historical changes of rice cultivation
in Korea

31. What was the main factors to be changed
for rice production during last decades ?

32. Major Research Targets Defined by Rice Genetic Improvement :
 Improving Yield Potential
 Improving Stability
 Improving Rice Quality

33. Development of “Tongil” in 1971

34. Breeding passage of “Tongil” cultivars, the first success
of indica/japonica hybridization in Korea
Year Pedigree Treatment
1965
1966
1970
1972
Yukara
TNI
IR8
IR568
Suweon213
Suweon214
Suweon215
Suweon216
Suweon217
Suweon218
Tongil X
Cross
Topcross
(IR667)
Replicated
yield trials
Release

35. Development of rice varieties in Korea
Varietal
group
‘30s-’70s
‘70s
‘80s
‘90s
2000s
Total 36 5 39 73 40
193
Japonica
Tongil
- type - 25 15 6 1 47
Total 36 30 54 79 41
240

36. Major achievement in character improvement
Varietal
group
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
LR, CT, BL, BB,
BPH, Short-term
Semidwarf, HQ, CT,
DS, ST, HY, AFP
Japonica-type BL SV
Semidwarf, HY,
LR, BL, SV,
BPH
BB, CT, BPH, HQ
Super-yield,
Aromatic rice
Tongil- type -
BL : Resistance to blast, SV : Resistance to stripe virus, LR : Lodging resistance,
CT : Cold tolerance, BB : Resistance to bacterial blight, BPH : Resistance to brown planthopper,
HQ : High quality, ST : Salt tolerance, HY : High yielding, ADS : Adaptability to direct seeding,
AFP : Adaptability to food processing (special rice)

37. Change of culm length(CL) light transmission rate(LTR) and
harvest index(HI) of rice cultivars under different fertilizer levels
Year
1930
1944
1975
1981
1979
*Low fertilizer
*Normal fertilizer
Varietal
Group
Japonica
Indica/
Cultivar
Eunbangju
Paldal
Nagdongbyeo
Samnambyeo
Taebaebyeo CL cm
102 97 81 66 61
LTR %
17.4
16.5
16.1
23.9
26.1 HI % 47 49 50 59 54 CL cm
107
101 90 67 63
LTR %
14.2
16.6
10.7
20.6
23.1 HI % 38 43 46 53 52
* Low fertilizer : N-P2O5-K2O = 5-5-3kg/10a
Normal fertilizer : N-P2O5-K2O = kg/10a

38. Photosynthetic ability of rice varieties developed during
in Korea
Photosynthetic ability(mg.CO2/dm2/hr)
Year
Released
1910
1944
1962
1972
1977
Variety
Jodongji
Paldal
Jinheung
Tongil
Geumgangbyeo
N-P2O5-K2O
(kg/ha)
17.2(78)
18.5(84)
22.1(100)
25.3(114)
28.3(128)
N-P2O5-K2O
(kg/ha)
20.0(84)
23.5(99)
23.8(100)
26.8(113)
32.6(137)

39. Improvement of tolerance to various environmental stresses
in japonica and Tongil-type rice cultivars
Adaptability
Cold tolerance in
late
Bred GA -
Spikel
planting
Ecotype
Cultivar
Seed -
Head - et LT ST GS
year LT
ling
ing
sterilit
AHR
GYLP
stage
delay y
Jinheung
1962 R R R M IS H MS M Ha
Japonica
Nagdongbyeo
1975 R R MR MS IS M MS M
"
Samnambyeo
1981 R R MR R IS H R M
"
Tongil
1971 M S S S IS L R S E
Tongil-
Milyang 23
1976 M S MS S IS L R S
"
Type
Pungsanbyeo
1980 MR MS M M IS M R S ME
Samgangbyeo
1982 M S MR M IS M M R S
"
GALT : Germination ability at low temperature, AHR : Abnormal-heading responsiveness,
GYLP : Grain yield in late planting, R : resistant, MR : moderately resistant, M : intermediate,
MS : moderately susceptible, S : susceptible, IS : insensitive, SE : sensitive, H : high, M : medium, L : low, LT : lodging tolerance, ST : salinity tolerance, GS : grain shattering, Ha : hard, E : easy,
ME : medium easy

40. Improvement of resistance to major diseases and insect pests in newly
developed japonica and Tongil-type rice cultivars
Brown
Bred
Blast
Bacterial blight
Virus
Ecotype
Cultivar
Plant-
year
Leaf
Neck K1 K2 K3 SV DV
BSDV
Hopper
Jinheung
1962 MS MS S S S S S S S
Nagdongbyeo
1975 S MS S S S MR S S S
Japonica
Seomjinbyeo
Samkwangbyeo
1982
2003 M MR MR R S R S R MR R S S S
Tongil
1971 M MS R MR S R S S S
Milyang 23
1976 M MS S S S R MR S S
Tongil-
Milyang 30
1977 MR M R MR S R MR MS R
Type
Taebaegbyeo
1979 R R MR MR MR R MR M S
Samgangbyeo
1982 MR R R MR MR R MR M R
Namyeongbyeo
1986 MR R R R R R MR MR S
Andabyeo
1998 R R R R S R R MR R

41. Improving yield potential of japonica rice during the last
four decades
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
Ecotype
Item
1st
2nd
1st
2nd
1st
2nd
1st
2nd
half
half
half
half
half
half
half
half
Japonica
Average(t/ha)
3.77
3.89
4.68
4.34
4.91
5.02
5.02
5.40
(%)
(100)
(103)
(124)
(115)
(130)
(133)
(133)
(143)
Tongil-
Average(t/ha) - -
4.91
5.01
5.62 -
6.11
6.94
Type
(%)
(100)
(104)
(114)
(124)
(141)

42. Major Weakness with Indica/Japonica Cultivars
 Unfavorable grain shape and eating quality
 Cold susceptibility
 Grain shattering at harvest
 Occurrence of new strains in disease and insect

43. SUCCESS OF INDICA/JAPONICA HYBRIDIZATION
 Overcome hybrid sterility by three way cross
 High yield potential
 Better plant architecture
 High photosynthetic ability
 Resistance to major diseases and insects

44. Factors affecting yield increase during last three decades
O Genetic Improvement
O High-input and Precise Rice Cultivation
O Agrochemicals
O Irrigation
O Mechanization etc.

45. PROGRESS OF RICE BREEDING IN KOREA
 Improving Breeding Technology
 Success of Indica/Japonica Hybridization
 Improvement of Japonica Rice
- Improving yield potential
 Application of Anther Culture Technique
- Shortening breeding cycle

46. during 1958-’89. :Japonica( ), ------ : Tongil-type( )
Yield(MT/ha)
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘00
Year
Change in yield potential(milled rice) of Korean improved rice cultivars
during 1958-’ :Japonica( ), : Tongil-type( )

47. Rice production, yield and area in Korea
Production(Mil.ton)
Cultivation area(Mil.ha)
6.0
Rice Production
1.30
1.25
5.0
1.20
4.0
Yield/ha(ton)
1.15
3.0
1.10
2.0
1.05
Area
1.0
1.00 60 70 80 90 92 94 96 98 00 02
Year

48. Rice consumption per capita and self-sufficiency in Korea
Consumption(kg)
120
150
Self-sufficiency
140
100
130 80
120 60
Rice consumption/capita
110 40
100 20 90 80 60 65 75 85 91 93 95 97 99 01 03
Year

49. How we can make rice self-sufficiency
by short term?

61. Greenhouse for rapid generation advancement

62. Current Constraints on Rice Production in Korea
□ Declining Rice Cultivation and its related
○ Increasing demand of land for non-agricultural uses
☞ Decreased rice cultivation area
○ Decreasing labors of rural areas
☞ Increased production costs
○ Reduced rice consumption
○ Impacts of liberalization of rice trade

63. Present/Future Directions for Rice Research
O Quality upgraded : visual, taste, functional improvement
O Breeding for Cost reduction
- Basic yield potential
- DS/ mechanization for large scale-farm
- Short growth duration ; Med.-Late maturity, -early maturity
O Breeding for food safety
- multi-resistance to disease and insect
- variety for low nitrogen respond
- genetic diversity for improving safety
O Climatic change : productivity, disease and insects, abiotic stresses

65. Thank you ….