Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
EUROPEAN DEFENCE AND SECURITY AND SMALL STATES
CLIVE ARCHER
2
OUTLINE OF LECTURE European Defence & Security: What is it?
Which small states are involved? Small states and defence/security generally EU small states and defence/security
3
1.EUROPEAN DEFENCE & SECURITY: A SHORT HISTORY
The Mists Of Time: 1948 BRUSSELS TREATY: UK, FRANCE, BENELUX 1949 NATO FORMED: THE TRANSATLANTIC LINK EUROPEAN DEFENCE COMMUNITY ATTEMPTED: FAILS. WEU FORMED EUROPEAN POLITICAL COOPERATION: INCLUDES SECURITY
4
The European Union Feb 1992: MAASTRICHT Treaty signed. Five Objectives in Art. J.1.2 to safeguard the values, interests and independence of the Union; to strengthen the security of the Union and its member states; to preserve peace and strengthen international security...; to promote international co-operation; to develop and consolidate democracy and the rule of law, and respect for HR & FFs.
5
Maastricht (TEU) and Amsterdam (1997): I
Security & Defence EU not to compete with NATO & WEU Art.J.4.1 TEU: treaty covers all questions related to the ‘security of the Union, including the eventual framing of a common defence policy, which might in time lead to a common defence’ Article 17 (Amsterdam) on defence & security: ‘all questions relating to the security of the Union, including the progressive framing of a common defence policy...which might lead to a common defence, should the European Council so decide’
6
Maastricht (TEU) and Amsterdam (1997): II
Sweden & Finland - get Petersberg tasks included in Treaty (Art.17.2): humanitarian and rescue tasks, peacekeeping and combat forces in crisis management, including peacemaking. WEU: integral part of the EU’s development, ‘providing the Union with access to an operational capability’. (But folded into EU, except for Art 5, collective defence)
7
European Defence after Amsterdam Treaty
FAWEU & Eurocorps (Ge, Fr, Bel, Lux, Sp) built up ‘separable but not separate’ (from NATO). Idea of Combined Joint Task Force Solana ‘High Rep for CFSP’ and WEU Sec-Gen. Political and Security Committee (COPS) with political and military expertise; EU Military staff with a Situation Centre set up; an EU Military Committee of military representatives to advise COPS
8
EU Activities: I Nov 2001: European Capabilities Action Plan to rectify shortcomings (17 panels report on 24 shortfalls) Laeken Council adds ‘more demanding’ and ‘crisis’ operations to ESDP activities Nov 2003: Independent military planning cell: EU planning cell at SHAPE (NATO h/q) Dec 2003: European Security Strategy adopted Force Catalogue 2004 – inc. new states contribution
9
EU Activities: II 2004: Battle Group concept agreed – initial capability by 2005. 2004: European Defence Agency set up: cooperation in armaments June ’04: Brussels Council adds ‘joint disarmament operations’, supporting ‘combating terrorism’ and security sector reform’
10
ESDP Operations: I EU Police Mission took over from UN in Bosnia Herzegovina on 1 January 2003 EU took over operation Amber Fox in Macedonia from NATO in March 2003 Operation Artemis: French-led EU peacekeeping operation in Bunia, Republic of Congo (DRC) in June-September 2003, to help UN mission (MONUC) stabilise and provide humanitarian assistance.
11
ESDP Operations: II EU Border Assistance Mission at Rafeh Crossing Point in the Palestinian Territories (EU BAM Rafeh): est. Nov after Israeli-Palestinian agreement - Third Party role on movement and access at key crossing point into and from the Palestinian territories. EU Integrated Rule of Law Mission for Iraq (Eujust Lex): from Feb 2005, assisting with the introduction of the rule of law by assisting Iraqi judiciary. EU Rule of Law Mission for Kosovo: largest civilian op. by ESDP – supports Kosovo authorities in police judiciary & Customs EU Navfor Somalia: est. Dec 2008 to counter piracy & robbery off coast of Somalia. First ESDP naval operation
12
2. Which Small States are Involved?
EU NATO (old) Belgium, Luxembourg, Denmark, Greece, Portugal. EU NATO (new) Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czech Rep, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Romania, Bulgaria EU Neutrals Ireland, Austria, Sweden, Finland EU mini-neutrals Cyprus, Malta Other non-EU Norway, Iceland
13
3. Small States & Defence & Security
Face dilemma of autonomy v influence AUTONOMY Try to keep control through national means INFLUENCE Accept control is limited but influence, ability to persuade, may be more available the more engaged state is.
14
Strategies of ADAPTATION
Rosenau’s modes of adaptation: Preservative: internal + external factors balanced Acquiescent: external dominates Intransigent: internal dominates Promotive: only own values
15
SMALL STATES: SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN CONTRIBUTING TO ESDP? : I
Katzenstein (1985) sees nature of small states in European integration affecting their ability and willingness to act: Economies open, more specialist exports, dependent on world economy maximise benefits where greatest importance; more liberal econ policy. Institutional response: selective in problem definition; personalize interorganizational relations; versatile. Special relationship & reliance on EU Commission: do not have own admin capacity Corporatist nature of d-m in SS less room to back down in EU negs.
16
SMALL STATES: SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN CONTRIBUTING TO ESDP?:II
Baldur Thorhallsson (2000): Challenges importance of corporatism as explanatory factor Adds characteristics of administration as more important: small staff, reactive, informality, flexibility SS ‘special relationship’ with Commission – rely on it more (BUT Commission’s low status in ESDP) SS can prioritize between sectors more easily – have fewer interests
17
4. EU Small States & ESDP Their Contribution: Ideas
Finland & Sweden pushed to have Petersberg tasks included in Amsterdam Treaty Moral Power Question of use of EU forces in Sudan – small states pushing. (But large ones as well) Forces ESDP run by UK & France? Small states – engagement, quality & niche position ESDP: a power trip for Big Boys?
18
BIBLIOGRAPHY Clive Archer (2008) The European Union, London & New York: Routledge. Peter Katzenstein (2005). Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe, Ithaca and London: Cornell UP. James Rosenau (1981) The Study of Political Adaptation, London: Pinter. Baldur Thorhallsson (2000). The Role of Small States in the European Union, London: Ashgate.
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.