1. Classification of African Languages
Afro-Asiatic
Niger-Congo
Bantu
Swahili
Nilo-Saharan
Khoisan (Click)
Semitic (Arabic)

2. Other Languages Afrikaans Malagasy European Languages
English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, German

3. SIX CIVILIZATIONS Limits set by productivity Shared ideology
Essential experience

4. BOW
S. Africa
Namibia
Botswana
Congo (Zaire)
Tanzania
Kenya

5. Small scale bands
No chiefs
Social sanctions/harmony

6. Hunting, gathering, fishing (Foraging)

7. Rock art, from the past Marginal areas No iron
Few material possessions

9. SPEAR Ethiopia Somalia Kenya Tanzania Uganda Sudan Mozambique
Swaziland
Lesotho
S. Africa

10. Pastoral--nomads Livestock as wealth

12. Warrior mentality
Military organization
Age grades

13. Little material art

14. Body as Template

15. Red ochre
Scarification
Songs and poetry

16. Aristocrats
Royalty
Sometimes divine king

17. House decoration

18. CLEARINGS Cameroon Congo Congo (Dem Rep of) Ghana Ivory Coast Gabon
part CAR
Liberia
Sierra Leone

19. Forest Agriculture Difficult farming --modest yields
Shifting cultivation
No livestock

20. Axe, hoe, iron
Root crops--yams, cassava
Banana
Palms

21. Lineages & family units
Patrilineal

22. Good sculptors

23. Heavy wood carvings

24. Benin Bronzes

25. Indigo--stamping method

26. Weaving: both women and men, but different looms

27. GRANARIES
Congo (DRC)
Angola
Zambia
Malawi
Zimbabwe
Mozambique

28. Granaries

29. Agriculture Savanna Shifting cultivation, fallow Poor soils/ hoe/iron
Fertilization methods

33. Surplus for Market

34. Livestock
More productive than clearings

35. Lozi chiefs

36. Chiefs and states
Redistribution
Matrilineal and Patrilineal

37. Elaborate Decoration

38. Raffia cloth

39. Elaborate decoration

41. Masks are light weight and elaborately decorated