1. A transformative partnership in common bean research for healthy diets, income security and sustainable eco-efficient Agriculture
Clare Mukankusi Mugisha
International year of pulses celebration-Uganda
15th December, 2016
CIAT

2. Outline
Introduction
The Pan- Africa bean research alliance (PABRA) model
Achievements of PABRA
Concluding remarks

3. Under weight children (< 5 years of age)

4. Overweight & Obesity … Undernut Sustainable Food Systems - nutrition?
Let me first briefly introduce you the driving dynamics that are coming with growing urbanization
The first issue is an health issue with the nutritional « double burden  » of urban citizens with a persistent phenomenon of undernutrition and a new one of overweight or obesity. We have included these figures to stress how big the problem of nutrition in our actual food systems is.
The other health isssue is about urban food quality. For instance, in Indonesian cities the food distribution is going unformal that means there is no longer public control on food quality in some cities. What are the consequences? Now, in poor neighbourhoods you can find food with toxics products that are contaminating the population od these neighbourhoods and causing serious diseases.
2 things different in Health issue : urban diets and urban food quality
A second issue is about FW and CP. As we can see, it’s a crucial issue : 1/3 of all food is wasted! What we know is that there is a..
-Multiplying effect of urban and income growth on food waste. That means in proportion, food waste is higher in cities.
-But if you want to reduce the total amount of food wasted you also have to consider the all food system : from the production to avoid crop losses to the urban consumption to minimize food waste.
Sustainable Food Systems - nutrition?

5. Why Pulses? Play an important role in the fight against malnutrition
Woman’s crop
Ability to make their own for other crops nitrogen fertilizer
Boost livestock health and yields
TOP 10 REASONS TO EAT PULSES
LOW-FAT
LOW-SODIUM
GOOD SOURCE OF IRON
GOOD SOURCE OF PROTEIN
EXCELLENT SUPPLIER OF FIBRE
EXCELLENT SOURCE OF FOLATE
GOOD SUPPLIER OF POTASSIUM
LOW GLYCEMIC INDEX
CHOLESTEROL-FREE
GLUTEN-FREE
Ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen to usable forms-make their own nitrogen fertilizer.
Boost overall land productivity as fixed nitrogen is available to subsequent crops
Rotation of pulses and cereals help to break cycles of pests and diseases
Alternative crops to sell and income stability in the face of volatile cereal prices
Pulses can unlock doors of opportunity for rural women as they often grown and sold by women farmers
Pulses play an important role in the fight against malnutrition.
Contain two to three times as much protein as cereals such as rice, wheat, or maize and can help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer
An important source of micronutrients such as iron and zinc
Pulses such as beans are delicious-can be used as key ingredients in many foods including porridge flours, snacks and sauces
Livestock health and yields can get a boost when animals are fed non-grain portions of pulse plants
CIAT

6. Grain legume Production in 2014 (Tons)
Legume type
World
Eastern* Africa
Southern Africa
Soybean
306,519,256
535,779
948,000
Groundnut
43,915,365
3,491,091
1,237,740
Common beans
48,250,168
4,378,147
106,939
Chickpea
13,730,998
581,582
65,912
Cowpea
5,589,216
485,011
5,726
Pigeonpea
4,890,099
627,364
456,144
Common beans play an important role in diets of the populations in E.A.
Source (FAOstat, 2016):
CIAT

7. Bean quantities (gms) consumed per person per day in a period of 7 days, wealth category in the rural and urban areas of Uganda
First two quintiles represent 40% of Ugandan and is the proportion of those living under the poverty line. Implies that with more resources more rural people would eat beans
CIAT

8. Common Bean Production and Yield in ESA
Productivity still low
Bush beans
Current: tha-1
Potential 2-3 tha-1
Climbing beans
Current: tha-1
Potential: 4-5 tha-1
Multiple constraints that limit bean productivity
A:BIOTIC
Drought (>60% area)
Heat (beans not viable in 50% area by 2050)
Low soil fertility (N deficiency; 60% Africa, P deficiency; 50%, Al toxicity 40%)
Excessive rainfall
Cold
BIOTIC:
Pests (field and post harvest)
Diseases (Fungal, bacterial and viral)
Other factors:
Population pressure – migration to drier areas, less fertile
Bean utilisation and marketability (perceptions, awareness creation)
CIAT

9. The Pan- Africa Bean Research Alliance (PABRA) Model: Impactful Partnership
10 countries
10 countries
WECABREN
Aims to respond to African needs through research where CIAT and its partners have a comparative advantage.
Contribute towards addressing the complex problems (poverty, productivity, climate change/variability)
Add value and address both regional goals & system priorities.
Define and exploit CIAT’s global and regional comparative advantages
A partnership based on value addition, synergy and achieving common and strategic goals (research and development).
The PABRA research approach is holistic in nature and it works across the entire bean value chain, with activities starting from variety development right up to consumption of beans.– and led by – the value addition and marketing of the beans.
Basically PABRA contributes to improving health, food security and income of smallholder farmers through bean research in breeding new bean varieties, improving access to good quality seed and farming technologies as well as increasing farmer participation in profitable markets.
PABRA works with more than 400 partners across Africa. These partners are organisations that support the development of national bean programmes and enable PABRA achieve wide impacts. The partners include national agricultural research institutions, sub-regional organisations, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), community-based organisations (CBOs), universities, farmers, private sector and donors. PABRA is thus made up of an international network of bean researchers, 31 national agricultural research institutions from 31 African countries, and the more than 400 partner organizations in Africa.
11 countries
DONORS: GAC, SDC, USAID, BMGF, McKnight, SYNGENTA FOUNDATION, IDRC, AFDB, KHT, SADC-FANR , AGRA, NGO, GO
CIAT

10. INTERMEDIATE OUTCOMES
5 YEAR FRAMEWORK FOR PABRA RESEARCH
Improving economic growth, food security, nutrition status, gender equity and the natural resource base for better livelihoods of smallholder households in Sub-Saharan Africa
Increased utilization of dry bean products for food security
Increased trade of market demanded bean products in a gender equitable manner
Increased utilization of improved bean based products for nutrition security in a gender equitable and sustainable manner
Increased and gender equitable access to high yielding dry bean varieties and productive ICM technologies
Increased access to industrial bean-based products and trade, in national, regional and international markets in a gender equitable manner
Increased access to market demanded snap bean products in a gender equitable manner
Increased access to micronutrient rich bean products among the vulnerable groups in a gender equitable manner
Enabling environment to facilitate availability of bean based bean products promoted through gender mainstreaming, capacity building, knowledge management, policy influence, information management, M&E & Impact Assessment
INTERMEDIATE OUTCOMES
IMMEDIATE OUTCOMES
ULTIMATE OUTCOME
CIAT

11. Breeding and Seed systems

12. Variety releases (2009-2015) Country Multiple stress tolerant
Multiple stress tolerant
Biofortified
Niche market
Total phase releases
1. Burundi 8 11 - 19
2. DRC-E 7 26
3. DRC-W 4
4. Rwanda 16 10 30
5. Kenya 15 3 18
6. Uganda 13
7. Ethiopia 21
8. Madagascar 12
9. Malawi 2
10. Mozambique 1 6
11. S. Tanzania 14
12. Zambia
13. Zimbabwe 5
14. Lesotho
15. Swaziland
16. S. DRC
17. South Africa
18. Mauritius
19. S. Tanzania
20. Cameroon
21. Guinea Conakry
22. Congo Brazzaville
23. Senegal
Total
172 46 25
243

13. An efficient network of breeders for enhanced release of bean varieties across PABRA countries
Uganda
Kenya
Rwanda
DR Congo
S. Africa
Malawi
Zambia
Madagascar
Ethiopia
S. Tanzania
Tanzania
Zimbabwe
Dark Red Kidney
Climbing Beans
Snap Beans (French)
Large White
Small White
Carioca (small striped)
Sugar, Tan & Yellow
Pinto
Small Red
Uganda, Malawi
Large Red Mottled
Regional Networks/CIAT Strategic Research
Backstopping, Technical Support and Capacity Building
CIAT-HQ
Elite breeding lines, breeding methodologies, tools, capacity building and backstopping
PABRA countries without active Breeding Programs: ECABREN: Burundi and Sudan, SABRN: Angola, SDRC, Lesotho, Mauritius, Mozambique and Swaziland; WECABREN: Cameroon, Mali, Central Afr Rep, Ghana, Senegal, Togo, Burkina Faso, Guinea, S/Leone, Congo
Universities/ARI
Testing methodologies, understanding genetics etc..
MAC 44
SER125
NUA45
MAC 44, MAC 70
SMR 53
MAC 64
Less endowed national programs have released varieties through PABRA networking
Varieties released in Guinea, Congo Brazzaville and Senegal, were first tested and released in Cameroon.

14. Taking the varieties to farmers: Innovations in seed systems
Bean Innovation Platform
Extensionists
Researchers
Local leaders
Micro-finance/insurance/MIS
Inputs Suppliers
Processors
Storage/ warehousing
Transporters
Marketers
Buyers
Seeds multipliers
Farmers groups
Participatory variety selection
Use of pluralistic seed multiplication approaches that target farmers, and the private sector
Use of innovative seed delivery pathways
Small packs
Seed loans
Seed supply through local agro-dealers shop
NGO supported seed systems: seed fairs
Commercial companies

15. In total between 2009 and 2015, 490 partners were engaged in bean seed production and delivery
At least 23 million households were reached with seed of improved bean varieties in period of 5 years
57,961,000kg of seed of improved varieties produced across 22 countries

16. Increased bean productivity: Ethiopia (2005-2014).
Increased bean production and area under beans: Ethiopia ( )
Success attributed to an enabling policy environment, increase in investment in inputs and availability of regional and international market
More than 70% increase in bean productivity: from tons per ha to 1.49 tons per ha between 2004 and 2014.
CIAT

17. CIAT/PABRA achievements in Uganda
Strengthening capacity of bean research
More than 30 Ugandan scientists (MSc and PhD) have been trained at CIAT Uganda and now contribute to addressing challenges facing Agriculture in Uganda
Increased use of improved varieties in farmers field
In Uganda, improved bean varieties released since 1996 were cultivated on about 125,000ha in 2012
Impressive yield from improved varieties
Productivity in Uganda has increased by about 60% slightly higher than that for Rwanda (53%)
In collaboration with our partners, CIAT has conducted (and continue to conduct) a number of adoption and impact assessment studies on its research interventions, with the following results
CIAT

18. Enhancing bean value chains for better nutrition and incomes

19. Common bean products
Dry beans: most common in African countries, usually non-graded
Pre-cooked beans: A new upcoming products with high potential in many countries, available in Rwanda, Zambia and expanding to other countries including Uganda
Canned beans: In a number of countries, esp. Southern Africa
Bean flour: Newly developed product in Uganda
Snaps beans: Highly traded as export product in Kenya and being developed in Rwanda and other countries (West Africa)

20. Increased bean exports and revenue: Ethiopia (2005-2014)
Export volumes (tons)
Revenues ($US)

21. Tackling malnutrition with beans
Breeding and Bioefficacy studies (HarvestPlus)
Analysis of diets-Dietary surveys
Community based nutrition
Food basket
School lunch programs (Madagascar)
Value chains
Product development: Bean based porridge
Nutritional value along the VC- Do markets drain nutritious
Bioefficacy of Biofortified Beans
College age Women in Rwanda
Change in Iron Status (final - inicial)

22. Fostering innovation and managing knowledge: An Innovation Platform for Nutrition
National School Feeding Program of Madagascar using the bean-based flour.
Key actors working together
PROFIT Company (food sector)
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Ministry of Health,
Ministry of National Education
Ministry of Trade
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Population, Social Protection and Women Promotion
Nutrition and food basket approach
Country level nutrition level advocacy
Madagascar inclusion of in school feeding approaches
CIAT

23. Concluding remarks Climate Suitability: Heat tolerance as an example
“Thirty heat-tolerant lines are productive even with night-time temperatures above 22 degrees Celsius (about 72 degrees Fahrenheit). Normally, bean yields start to falter when the temperatures exceed 18 or 19 degrees Celsius (about 64 to 66 degrees Fahrenheit)” Steve Beebe (CIAT)
2020
changes
Most of the suitable environments are likely to be limited by temperatures (orange)
Estimates of Bean Adaptability with Heat Tolerant Beans with 3oC advantage
Current adaptability
The “do-nothing” scenario
Plus 3 degrees adaptation

24. Mapping of Bean flows in PABRA Countries
Concluding remarks
Bean corridors: Opportunities
Corridors provide context for public and private sector investment, as well as market support services
Ensure continuous or sustainable flow of products and services across regions
Corridors can contribute significantly to national and regional trade for food security
Provide clear link between project intervention and intended outcomes at a larger scale (for targeted volumes)
A context for balanced achievement of outcomes (nutrition, gender and livelihoods)
Mapping of Bean flows in PABRA Countries
East African bean corridors
Movement of beans across Africa: centers of large scale production, distribution and consumption as well as services
Guinea, Senegal, Mali
Gulf of Guinea bean corridor
Southern Africa bean corridor
Madagascar bean corridor
Corridors provide context for public and private sector investment, as well as market support services
Ensure continuous or sustainable flow of products and services across regions
Corridors can contribute significantly to national and regional trade for food security
Provide clear link between project intervention and intended outcomes at a larger scale (for targeted volumes)
A context for balanced achievement of outcomes (nutrition, gender and livelihoods)
CIAT

25. DOR 390 vs [SMR 138 x (SCR 16 x SMC 170)], 78 ppm Fe
Concluding remarks
Biofortification
More superior biofortified varieties: Multiple trait breeding approach: aim for >90ppm Fe and >30ppm Zn
Studies on bio efficacy of micronutrients are still limited and more research is required
Breeding for lower phytate content to improve iron and zinc absorption by the body.
DOR 390 vs [SMR 138 x (SCR 16 x SMC 170)], 78 ppm Fe
DOR 390
CIAT

26. Concluding remarks Advocacy for nutrition
Nutritional benefits of pulses in general are often greatly underestimated
Specific funding dedicated to improving pulse production, consumption
Enabling policies for enabling environment
More empirical research to highlight pulses’ functional and nutritional properties to help food entrepreneurs target vulnerable populations such as school-feeding programs and in nutritious healthy snacks
In some cultures pulses are considered a ‘poor man’s food’
replaced by meat once people can afford meat.
CIAT

27. Visit: www.pabra-africa.org

28. Acknowledgments
DONORS: GAC, SDC, USAID, BMGF, McKnight, SYNGENTA FOUNDATION, IDRC, AFDB, KHT, SADC-FANR , AGRA, NGO, GO