1. Animal Structure and Muscle Function
“Success is going from failure to failure without losing your enthusiasm.”
-Winston Churchill
“The cure for boredom is curiosity. There is no cure for curiosity.”
-Ellen Parr
Animal Structure and Muscle Function
Chapters 40-49

2. Animal Tissues
Tissues: groups of cells with similar structure that perform a common function
Types of Animal Tissue:
Epithelial Tissue
Tightly packed cells used for _______
Connective Tissue
Cells scattered through an __________________
Nervous Tissue
_________________(neurons)
Muscle Tissue
Fibers for _______________

3. Epithelial Tissue
Covers outside of body and line _______ __________ within the body
Barrier
Polarized cells
Apical surface faces lumen (cavity)

4. Epithelial Tissue Cell layers Shape of Cells Simple Stratified
Pseudostratified
Shape of Cells
Cuboidal
Columnar
Squamous
Cubodial: cube shaped
Columar: column shaped
Squamous: scale like in appearance, Flat, spread out.

5. Simple Squamous Lines blood vessels and air sacs in lungs Permeable
Areas of filtration and diffusion of molecules
Lab Photo
Simple – one layer thick
Squamous – scale like, flat

6. Simple Cuboidal Line the thyroid, salivary glands, nephrons, ovaries
Specialized for ____________
Lab Photo
Simple: one layer thick
Cubodial: cube shaped

7. Simple Columnar Lines most organs in the digestive tract
Stomach and intestines
Important for secretion
Lab Photo

8. Pseudostratified Columnar
Ciliated cells form mucus membrane that line ______________
Lab Photo

9. Stratified Squamous
___________ tissue with cells that regenerate quickly
Outer skin, and linings of mouth, anus, vagina

10. Connective Tissue ___________: cells that secrete fiber proteins
Fibers that make up Connective Tissue:
Collagenous Fibers
Strength and flexibility
Collagen
Elastic Fibers
Elasticity
Elastin
Reticular Fibers
Join connective tissue to adjacent tissue

11. Types of Connective Tissue

12. Loose Connective Tissue
Binds epithelia to underlying tissue and holds _______ in place
Surrounds blood vessels and nerves
Lab Photo
Elastic
fibers
Collagenous
fibers
Made up of collagenous fibers (support), elastic fibers (stretch) and reticular fibers (join tissues)
Fibroblasts

13. Fibrous Connective Tissue
Dense tissue made up of collagenous fibers used to attach _____________ (tendons) and bones to joints (ligaments)
Lab Photo
Collagen
fibers
Fibroblasts

14. Bone Mineralized connective tissue Osteoblasts: bone-forming cells
Osteon
Central canal
Lab Photo
Osteon
Central canal
Osteoblasts

15. Cartilage Strong, but flexible tissue that functions in support
__________________: cartilage forming cells
Lab Photo
Chondrocytes

16. Adipose Tissue
____________: cells containing fat droplets that protect and insulate the body while storing energy reserves
Lab Photo
Fat droplets

17. Blood Plasma: liquid, extracellular matrix
______________ (red blood cells)
Oxygen transport
___________ (white blood cells)
Immune response
Platelets
Clotting
Platelets
Leukocytes
Erythrocytes

18. Nervous Tissue Receive, process, and transmit information
Neurons (nerve cells)
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Glia: support and protect nerve cells
Dendrites
Cell Body
Axon

19. Muscular Tissue Responsible for body movement
Types of Muscular Tissue:
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle

20. Smooth Muscle Involuntary (autonomous) control
Digestive tract, bladder, blood vessels
Lacks sarcomeres
Lab Photo
Muscle
fibers
Nuclei

21. Cardiac Muscle Contractile wall of heart Involuntary Striated
Intercalated disks
Synchronize contraction
Lab Photo
Nuclei
Intercalated
disks

22. Skeletal Muscle Responsible for voluntary movement
Myocytes: _______________ muscle fibers
Sarcomeres
Lab Photo
Nuclei
Muscle
fiber
Sarcomere

23. Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle
Multinucleated muscle cells (fibers) made up of longitudinal bundles (myofibrils)
___________: basic contractile unit of skeletal muscle
Thick filament
Myosin
Thin filament
Actin

24. Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction
Thick filaments (myosin)
Thin filaments (actin)

25. Myosin head bound to ATP in low-energy configuration
Myosin head hydrolyzes ATP to ADP, which causes the head to change to the high-energy configuration
Myosin head binds to Actin at binding site forming cross-bridge
Myosin releases ADP and phosphate, which returns myosin to the low-energy position and causes the thick filament to slide along the thin filament
ATP binds to myosin head causing it to release from the Actin binding site
Myosin heads form and reform connections with actin (cross-bridge) at a rate of about 5 per second

26. Role of Calcium ions in Muscle Function
Tropomyosin: regulatory protein that covers ________________ when at rest
Troponin complex: regulatory proteins on tropomyosin with Ca2+ binding sites
Cause tropomyosin to _____ when bound to Ca2+

28. Types of Skeletal Muscle
Oxidative: rely on aerobic respiration for ATP
____________: oxygen-storing protein
Glycolytic: rely on ___________ respiration (glycolysis) for ATP
Fast twitch: rapid, brief, powerful contractions
Slow twitch: slow reaction, but longer contraction )

29. Muscles and Skeletal Movement
Antagonistic muscle arrangement works to extend and contract skeletal muscle

30. Check Your Understanding
Which of the following tissue types are used for lining? a. Epithelial tissue b. Connective tissue c. Nervous tissue d. Muscle tissue

31. Check Your Understanding
Which of the following types of epithelial tissue are specialized for secretion and line the thyroid and salivary glands ? a. Simple cuboidal b. Pseudostratified columnar c. Simple squamous d. Stratified columnar

32. Check Your Understanding
Which of the following types of connective tissue connect muscle to bone? a. Loose connective tissue b. Fibrous connective tissue c. Cartilage d. Skeletal muscle