1. KC 4.1 Globalizing Networks of Communication & Exchange
Period 4 ) CE)

4. KC 4.1 Globalizing Networks of Communication & Exchange
Connections of Eastern & Western Hemispheres made possible by transoceanic voyaging marked a key transformation of this period

5. In the context of the new global circulation of goods, there was an INTENSIFICATION of all EXISTING regional trade networks that brought prosperity & economic disruption to the merchants & governments in the trading regions of the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Sahara, & Overland Russia.

6. Technological Development
European technological developments in cartography & navigation built on previous knowledge developed in the classical, Islamic, & Asian worlds

7. New Tools
Astrolabe
New maps

8. Innovations in Ship Designs
Caravels

9. Improved Understanding
Global wind & current patterns

11. Royal Chartered European Monopoly Companies
Association formed by investors or shareholders for the purpose of trade, exploration, & colonization
Usually under the patronage of one state, which facilitated the company’s charter
Facilitated global circulation of goods

12. European Merchants’ Role in Asian Trade
Characterized mostly by transporting goods from one Asian country to another market in Asia or the Indian Ocean region

13. Silver Trade
Commercialization & the creation of a global economy were intimately connected to new global circulation of silver from the Americas

14. Joint-Stock Companies
Influenced by mercantilism, joint-stock companies were new methods used by European rulers to control their domestic & colonial economies & by European merchants to compete against one another in global trade

15. Mercantilism
Economic theory & practice, dominant in modernized parts of Europe during the 16th to the 18th century, that promoted governmental regulation of a nation’s economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers
Includes a national economic policy aimed at accumulating monetary reserves through a positive balance of trade, especially of finished goods

16. The Atlantic System

17. The Columbian Exchange

18. Spread of Diseases
European colonization of the Americas led to the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere among Amerindian populations
Smallpox, measles, & influenza
And the unintentional transfer of vermin
Mosquitoes & rats

19. FROM the Americas
American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, & Africa
Potatoes, maize, manioc
Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor & were exported mostly to Europe & the Middle East in this period
Sugar, tobacco

20. TO the Americas
Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, & domesticated animals brought by Europeans
Horses, cattle, pigs
Other foods brought by African slaves
Okra, rice

21. Effect
Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops

22. Effect
European colonization & the introduction of European Agriculture & settlements practices in the Americas often affected the physical environment through deforestation & soil depletion

23. The increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres & intensification of connections within hemispheres expanded the spread & reform of existing religions & created syncretic belief systems & practices.

24. Islam
As Islam spread to new settings in Afro-Eurasia, believers adapted it to local cultural practices
Split between Sunni & Shi’a traditions of Islam intensified
Sufi practices became more widespread

25. Christianity
Christianity continued to spread throughout the world & was increasingly diversified by the process of diffusion & the REFORMATION

26. Buddhism spread within Asia

27. Syncretic & New Forms of Religion
Vodun in the Caribbean
Cults of Saints in South America
Sikhism in South Asia

28. Innovations in Visual & Performing Arts
Renaissance in Europe
Miniature paintings in the Middle East & South Asia
Wood block prints in Japan
Post-conquest codices in Mesoamerica

29. Literacy
Expanded & was accompanied by the proliferation of popular authors, literary forms, & works of literature in Afro Eurasia
Shakespeare, Cervantes, Sundiata, Journey to the West, Kabuki