1. DYSORTHOGRAPHIAS
Writing is used to communicate, recording, studying, transmitting knowledge in space and time.
Writing is an exceptional tool at the service of our souls
Nowadays, having difficulties in writing communication can be considered as a more disabilitating factor than in the past as today the written code is used in communication more and more.

2. What’s Dysorthographia?
It is a specific disorder of the transcodification from an oral code to a written one which produces slowness and smaller correctness in the written expression.

3. orthographical mistakes
 Phonological: when the relationship between phonemes and graphemes is not respected . They consist in exchange of graphems, omissions or addition of letters and syllables , inversions, wrong graphemes.
 Not phonological: they come from a wrong ortographic or visual representation of the word, for example because of the separations or illegal fusions of syllables or phonemes, exchange of omophone graphemes and omission or addition of the letter “h”.
 Other ones are related to the omission or addition of accents or double letters.

5. Phonological Transparency
It consists in the correspondence between GRAPHEMES and PHONEMES p /p/ THAT IS BETWEEN WRITING AND SPEAKING
The list of phonemes of a particular language is called phonematic inventary

6. Transparent or semi-transparent orthographic languages
Turkish: 29 letters e 29 phonemes (1,00)
Italian: 21 letters e 30 phonemes (0,7)
Other similar languages :
Serbian-croatian
German
Greek
Finnish
Spanish

7. Opaque or deep orthographic languages
French: 26 letters e 36 phonemes (0,72)
English: 26 letters e 44 phonemes (0,59)

8. Relation phoneme - grapheme
Language
Letters
Phonemes
Graphemes
English 26 44
1120
French 36
190
Italian 21 30 33

9. C. Cappa, “Le lingue straniere”– AID Torino

10. Language orthographia and reading performance
At the end of the first primary class, English children can read only 17% of the words intheir language.
According to a European research dating back to 2001, Italian children can read 95% of the words.
English children can read 95% of them only 7 years later, when they are 12.

11. Scholastic Skill Disturbs
Dyslexias
Dysgraphias
Dysorthographias
Numeric and arithmetical skill disturbs
dyscalculias

12. dyscalculias
Understanding the terms, the operations and the mathematical concepts.
Applying symbolic thinking to problems
Organizing objects according to common characteristics 

13. dyscalculias Recognizing the mathematical symbols
 Copying numbers correctly
 Respecting the operation signs
 Counting objects accurately
 Learning the multiplication tables
 Following a succession of mathematical steps

14. dyscalculias
1. dyslexia for figures, characterized by an inability in number reading and writing if lexical mistakes are present
2. procedural dyscalculia, characterized by difficulties in acquiring procedures and calculation algorythms with mistakes in putting in column, amounts carried over and borrows, whereas mistakes have been not observed neither in numeric processation nor in arithmetic facts.
3. dyscalculia for arithmetic facts