1. Chapter 1
Intro to Biology
(A View of Life)

2. 1.1 How to Define Life Biology is the scientific study of life.
There is great diversity among living things (but they share several characteristics)
Living things:
are composed of the same chemical elements as nonliving things.
obey the same physical and chemical laws that govern everything in the universe.

3. Characteristics of Life
1. Living things are organized.
The levels of biological organization range from atoms to the biosphere.
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living things.
Each level of organization is more complex than the level preceding it.
As biological complexity increases, each level acquires new emergent properties.

4. elephant tree nervous system shoot system the brain leaves
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Biosphere Regions of the Earth’s crust,
waters, and atmosphere inhabited by living things
Ecosystem
A community plus
the physical environment
Community Interacting populations in a
particular area
Population Organisms of the same species in a particular area
Organism An individual; complex individuals contain organ systems
elephant
tree
Organ System
Composed of several organs
working together
nervous
system
shoot
system
Organ Composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task
the brain
leaves
Tissue A group of cells with a common structure and function
nervous tissue
epidermal tissue
nerve cell
Cell The structural and functional unit of all living things
plant cell
methane
Molecule Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements
Atom Smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons
oxygen

5. Characteristics of Life
2. Living things acquire materials and energy.
Energy is the ability to do work.
Energy is required to maintain organization and conduct life-sustaining processes such as chemical reactions. (i.e. metabolism)
The sun is the ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on Earth. (i.e. photosynthesis)

6. Characteristics of Life
3. Living things maintain homeostasis.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries.
Feedback systems monitor internal conditions and make adjustments.
4. Living things respond to stimuli.
Living things interact with the environment and respond to changes in the environment.

7. Characteristics of Life
5. Living things reproduce and develop.
All living organisms must reproduce to maintain a population. (Types may vary)
Genes determine the characteristics of an organism and composed of DNA.
Passed from parents to offspring.

8. Characteristics of Life
6. Living things have adaptations.
An adaptation is any modification that makes an organism better able to function in a particular environment.
Adaptation leads to evolution!!
Change over time

9. 1.2 Evolution, the Unifying Concept of Biology
The theory of evolution explains the diversity and unity of life.
The theory of evolution suggests how all living things descended from a common ancestor.
Common descent with modification

10. Evolutionary Tree of Life
An evolutionary tree is like a family tree. An evolutionary tree traces the ancestry of life on Earth to a common ancestor.

11. Levels of Classification

12. Domains Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya
Contains unicellular prokaryotes that live in extreme environments
Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus.
Domain Bacteria
Contains unicellular prokaryotes that live in all environments
Domain Eukarya
Contains unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes
Eukaryotes contain a membrane-bound nucleus.

13. Domain Archaea Adaptations to extreme environments
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Prokaryotic cells of various shapes
Adaptations to
extreme environments
Absorb or chemosynthesize food
Unique chemical characteristics
Methanosarcina mazei, an archaean
1.6 m
© Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited

14. © A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Domain Bacteria
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Prokaryotic cells of various shapes
Adaptations to all environments
Absorb, photosynthesize, or chemosynthesize food
Unique chemical characteristics
Escherichia coli, a bacterium
1.5 m
© A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

15. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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Domain Eukarya
Fig. 1.8
Domain Eukarya: Protists
• Algae, protozoans,
slime molds, and
water molds
• Complex single cell
(sometimes filaments,
colonies, or even
multicellular)
1 µm
• Absorb, photosynthesize,
or ingest food
Paramecium, a unicellular protozoan
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Fungi
• Molds, mushrooms, yeasts,
and ringworms
• Mostly multicellular filaments
with specialized, complex cells
• Absorb food
Amanita, a mushroom
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Plantae
• Certain algae, mosses, ferns,
conifers, and flowering plants
• Multicellular, usually with
specialized tissues,
containing complex cells
• Photosynthe size food
Passiflora, passion flower, a flowering plant
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Animalia
• Sponges, worms, insects,
fishes, frogs, turtles,
birds, and mammals
• Multicellular with
specialized tissues
containing complex cells
• Ingest food
Vulpes, a red fox
a: © Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; b: © Pat Pendarvis; c: © Tinke Hamming/Ingram Publishing RF; d: © Corbis RF

16. Kingdoms Domain Archaea – kingdom designations undetermined
Domain Bacteria - kingdom designations undetermined
Domain Eukarya
Protists (composed of several kingdoms)
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia

17. Scientific Names Universal Latin-based
Binomial nomenclature (Carolus Linneaus)
Two-part name
First word is the genus.
Always capitalized
Second word is the species designation (or specific epithet).
Written in lowercase
Both words are italicized.
Examples: Homo sapiens (humans), Zea mays (corn)

18. 1.3 How the Biosphere Is Organized
The biosphere is the zone of air, land, and water where organisms exist.
A population is all the members of a species within an area.
A community is a collection of interacting populations within the same environment.
An ecosystem is community plus its physical environment.

19. Ecosystems
Ecosystems are characterized by chemical cycling and energy flow.
Chemicals are not used up when organisms die.
Energy from the sun flows through plants and other members of the food chain as one population feeds on another.

20. Chemicals Cycle and Energy Flows
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Chemicals Cycle and Energy Flows
heat
solar
energy
heat
heat
heat
heat
heat
WASTE MATERIAL, DEATH,
AND DECOMPOSITION
Chemical cycling
Energy flow

21. The Human Population
Ecosystems have been negatively impacted by human populations.
Examples?
Humans depend upon healthy ecosystems for:
Food
Medicines
Raw materials

22. Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the total number and relative abundance of species, the variability of their genes, and the ecosystems in which they live.
Estimated to be as high as 15 million species
Less than 2 million have been named and identified
Extinction is the death of the last member of a species or larger classification category.
Estimates of 400 species/day lost due to human activities

23. 1.4 The Process of Science
The scientific method is a standard series of steps used in gaining new knowledge through research.
The scientific method can be divided into four steps:
Observation
Hypothesis
Experiments and Data Collection
Conclusion

24. The Scientific Method 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis
Scientists use their senses to gather information about a phenomenon or natural event.
2. Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for what was observed.
Developed through inductive reasoning
Testable

25. The Scientific Method 3. Experiments and Data Collection
An experiment is a series of procedures designed to test a hypothesis.
Utilizes deductive reasoning to make a prediction or expected outcome
The manner in which a scientist conducts an experiment is called the experimental design.
A good experimental design ensures that the scientist is examining the contribution of a specific factor called the experimental (independent) variable to the observation.

26. The Scientific Method 3. Experiments and Data Collection (cont’d)
A test group is exposed to the experimental variable.
A control group goes through all aspects of the experiment but is not exposed to the experimental variable.
The data are the results of an experiment.
Should be observable and objective

27. The Scientific Method 4. Conclusion
The data are analyzed and interpreted to determine whether the hypothesis is supported or not.
If prediction happens, hypothesis is supported.
If not, hypothesis is rejected.
Findings are reported in scientific journals
Peers review the findings
Other scientists then attempt to duplicate or dismiss the published findings

28. Input from various sources is used to formulate a testable statement.
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Observation
New observations
are made, and previous
data are studied.
Hypothesis
Input from various sources
is used to formulate a
testable statement.
Experiment/Observations
Conclusion
The hypothesis is
tested by experiment
or further observations.
The results are analyzed,
and the hypothesis is
supported or rejected.
Scientific Theory
Many experiments and
observations support a
theory.
Courtesy Leica Microsystems Inc.

29. Scientific Theory Scientific Theory: Scientific Principle / Law:
Concepts that join together two or more well-supported and related hypotheses
Supported by broad range of observations, experiments, and data
Scientific Principle / Law:
Widely accepted set of theories
No serious challenges to validity

30. Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Basic Theories of Biology
Chapter 01
I made this figure as a draft. I could replace it by a better one or if you do have a similar figure add it here.
A View of Life

31. Using the Scientific Method: Pigeon Pea/Winter Wheat Rotation Study
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Control pots
Test pots
Test pots
no fertilization treatment
90 kg of nitrogen/ha
Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation 20
Control Pots
= no fertilization treatment
Test Pots 15
= 45 kg of nitrogen/ha
= 90 kg of nitrogen/ha
= Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation
a. Control pots and test pots
of three types
Test pots 10
Wheat Biomass (grams/pot)
45 kg of nitrogen/ha
Using the Scientific Method: Pigeon Pea/Winter Wheat Rotation Study 5
year 1
year 2
year 3
b. Results
(All): Courtesy Jim Bidlack