1. GENETICS II: Introduction to Genetics
Assist. Prof. Dr. Betul Akcesme

2. Contact Information
Office: F1.7
Classroom: A F1. 26
All homework and questions must be submitted by to

3. Books:
Genetics From Genes to genomes . Hartwell. Hood. Goldberg. Reynolds. Silver. Veres. 4th edition
Concept of genetics. Klug, W, Cummings, M, Spencer, C, Palladino, M. 10th edition

4. Hours
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
09:00-10:00
Genetics II
10:00-11:00
OFFICE
11:00-12:00
Genetics II (LAB)
12:00-13:00
13:00-14:00
14:00-15:00
15:00-16:00
16:00-17:00

5. Grading policy: Quizzes 2 x 5% = 10% Midterm exam 25%
Homework (Project)- Participation
15% (10% - 5%)
Final exam
40%
Lab
10%

6. Basic and support material to be covered 1 Introduction to Genetics
Week
Topic
Basic and support material to be covered 1
Introduction to Genetics
Basics Concept of Genetics
The scope and nature of the subject
Review of basic concepts and terms in Genetics 2
The Eukaryotic chromosome
Chapter 12 (Hartwell) 3
Chromosomal rearrangements and changes in chromosome number
Chapter 13 (Hartwell) 4 5
Prokaryotic and Organelle Genetics
Chapter 14 (Hartwell) 6 7
Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes
Chapter 15 (Hartwell)

7. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes Chapter 16 (Hartwell)8
Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes
Chapter 16 (Hartwell) 9
Somatic mutations and genetics of cancer
Chapter 17 (Hartwell) 10
Using Genetics to Study development
Chapter 18 (Hartwell) 11
Special Topics in Modern Genetics
Epigenetics: Concept of genetics (page ) 12
Stem Cells: Concept of genetics (Page ) 13
Genomics and personalized medicine: Concept of genetics
(Page ) 14
DNA Forensics: Concept of genetics (Page )

8. Summarized content of the course
Week 1
Introduction to Genetics
Basics Concept of Genetics
Week 2
The Eukaryotic chromosome

9. Chromosomal rearrangements and changes in chromosome
Week 3 -4
Chromosomal rearrangements and changes in chromosome
Rearrangements of DNA Sequences number
Changes in Chromosome Number

10. Prokaryotic and Organelle Genetics
Week 5-6
Prokaryotic and Organelle Genetics
Bacterial Genomes
The Genetics of Chloroplasts and
Mitochondria

11. Week 7
Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes
Week 8
Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes

12. Model Organisms: Prototypes for Developmental Genetics
Week 9
Somatic mutations and genetics of cancer
Week 10
Using Genetics to Study development
Model Organisms: Prototypes for Developmental Genetics
Analysis of Developmental Pathways

13. EPIGENETIC STEM CELLS Week 11 Special Topics in Modern Genetics

14. Week 13
Special Topics in Modern Genetics
GENOMICS AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE:
Week 14
Special Topics in Modern Genetics
DNA FORENSICS

15. Lab Activities: Lab activities will be announced before one week.
1. DNA extraction
2. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
3. Gel Electrophoresis
(ADDITIONAL LABS ARE POSSIBLE. ADDITIONAL CHANGES POSSIBLE)
Lab reports!

16. SEVERAL REMINDERS!!
Attendance!
Submission of assignments on time!
Copy-Past is strictly forbidden for assignments and lab reports!!

17. What is Genetics?
… the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.
Why studying genetics?
Why is genetics important?
What are the reasons of its rapid development?
Genetics, the science of heredity, is at its core the study of biological information.
 All living organisms—from single-celled bacteria and protozoa to multicellular plants
and animals— must store, replicate, transmit to the next generation, and use vast
quantities of information to develop, reproduce, and survive in their environments
Geneticists examine how organisms pass biological information on to their
progeny and how they use it during their lifetime.

18. The importance of genetics
Genes influence our lives! How?
Height
Weight
Hair color
Skin pigmentation
Our susceptibility to diseases
Contribute to our inteligence and personality …
They affect our:
The DNA regions that encode proteins are called genes.

19. Some traits determined by our genes
Dominant
Recessive
Low heart rate
High heart rate
Unattached (free) earlobe
Attached earlobe
straight nose
turned up nose
extra finger or toe
Normal 5 fingers and toes
Curly Hair
Flat hair
A and B blood type
O blood type
Broad Lips
Slender lips
large eyes
Small eyes
Darker hair
Lighter hair
long eyelashes
Short eyelashes
Slower aging
accelerated aging

20. Genes are fundamental to WHO and WHAT we are
Agriculture
Pharmaceutical industry
Biotechnology
Medicine
Genetics influenced:

21. The role of genetics in biology
Understanding of genetics is important to ALL people, but CRUCIAL to the students in the life sciences.

22. Genetic variation is the foundation of the diversity of all life
Genetics provides one of the biology’s unifying principles: all organisms
- Use the same genetic system
The study of all most every field of biology is incomplete without understanding of genes (and genetic methods)
Genetic variation is the foundation of the diversity of all life

23. Basic division of Genetics
Transmission genetics (Mendelian Genetics)
Molecular genetics
Population genetics
Quantitative genetics

24. Transmission genetics -Mendelian Genetics
FOCUS: is on INDIVIDUAL
How an individual organism inherits its genetic make up and how it passes its genes to the next generation
Phenotype
Cell and chromosomes
Cell division
Simple and complicated forms of inheritance
discipline that describes how physical characteristics (traits) are passed along from one generation to
another.

25. Molecular Genetics FOCUS: is the GENE
Its structure, organization and function
The study of the chemical and physical structures of DNA, its close cousin RNA, and proteins. Molecular genetics also covers how genes do their jobs.
Classical genetics concentrates on studying outward appearances, but the study of actual genes falls under the heady title of molecular genetics.

26. Population genetics FOCUS: the group of genes found in a POPULATION
it’s a search for patterns that help describe the genetic signature of a particular group

27. Quantitative Genetics
A highly mathematical field that examines the statistical relationships between genes and the traits they encode.
Mathematical in nature, quantitative genetics takes a rather complex statistical
approach to estimate how much variation in a particular trait is due to the
environment and how much is actually genetic.

28. Model Organisms Almost all major groups of Bacteria Fungi Protists
Plants and
Animals
Model organisms: organisms with characteristics that make them particularly useful for genetic analysis
About which a large amount of genetic information has been accumulated

29. Classical genetics
1865: Gregor Mendel's paper, Experiments on Plant Hybridization
1869: Friedrich Miescher discovers a weak acid in the nuclei of white blood cells that today we call DNA
1889: Hugo de Vries postulates that "inheritance of specific traits in organisms comes in particles", naming such particles "(pan)genes"
1903: Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri hypothesizes that chromosomes, which segregate in a Mendelian fashion, are hereditary units
1908: Hardy-Weinberg law derived
1910: Thomas Hunt Morgan shows that genes reside on chromosomes
1913: Alfred Sturtevant makes the first genetic map of a chromosome
1928: Frederick Griffith discovers that hereditary material from dead bacteria can be incorporated into live bacteria (see Griffith's experiment)
1931: Crossing over is identified as the cause of recombination
1941: Edward Lawrie Tatum and George Wells Beadle show that genes code for proteins; see the original central dogma of genetics

30. 1944: The Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment isolates DNA as the genetic material (at that time called transforming principle)
1948: Barbara McClintock discovers transposons in maize
1950: Erwin Chargaff shows that the four nucleotides are not present in nucleic acids in stable proportions, but that some general rules appear to hold (e.g., that the amount of adenine, A, tends to be equal to that of thymine, T).
1952: The Hershey-Chase experiment proves the genetic information of phages (and all other organisms) to be DNA
1953: DNA structure is resolved to be a double helix by James D. Watson and Francis Crick[11]
1956: Joe Hin Tjio and Albert Levan established the correct chromosome number in humans to be 46
1958: The Meselson-Stahl experiment demonstrates that DNA is semiconservatively replicated
: Combined efforts of scientists "crack" the genetic code, including Marshall Nirenberg, Har Gobind Khorana, Sydney Brenner & Francis Crick
1964: Howard Temin showed using RNA viruses that the direction of DNA to RNA transcription can be reversed
1970: Restriction enzymes were discovered in studies of a bacterium, Haemophilus influenzae, enabling scientists to cut and paste DNA
The DNA era

32. The genomics era
1972: Walter Fiers and his team at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the University of Ghent (Ghent, Belgium) were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for bacteriophage MS2 coat protein.
1977: DNA is sequenced for the first time by Fred Sanger, Walter Gilbert, and Allan Maxam working independently. Sanger's lab sequence the entire genome of bacteriophage Φ-X174.
1983: Kary Banks Mullis discovers the polymerase chain reaction enabling the easy amplification of DNA
1989: The human gene that encodes the CFTR protein was sequenced by Francis Collins and Lap-Chee Tsui. Defects in this gene cause cystic fibrosis
1995: The genome of Haemophilus influenzae is the first genome of a free living organism to be sequenced
1996: Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the first eukaryote genome sequence to be released 1998: The first genome sequence for a multicellular eukaryote, Caenorhabditis elegans, is released 2001: First draft sequences of the human genome are released simultaneously by the Human Genome Project and Celera Genomics.
2003 (April 14th) : Successful completion of Human Genome Project with 99% of the genome sequenced to a 99.99% accuracy