1. What is this?

3. Homunculus A sperm cell with a tiny human in it
1678 – Leeuwenhoeck – each sperm contained a tiny preformed animal
only needed nourishment of the female’s womb to grow

6. Fertilization http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6CBBzw6xUJE

7. – the union of sperm and egg nuclei
Fertilization membrane
nuclei
egg cytoplasm
A Fertilized Egg
Fertilization
– the union of sperm and egg nuclei

9. Zygote (fertilized egg)

10. Cleavage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_ydqBzVe9g
Sand dollar cleavage
Xenopus cleavage - awesome

11. embryo 2 cells

12. Embryo
4 cells

13. Cleavage
In a fertilized egg, the series of cell divisions that occur without growth
Continues until the cells of the embryo are reduced to the size of the cells of the adult organism

15. Twins Identical Fraternal 2 different eggs fertilized
by 2 different sperm
1 egg fertilized by one sperm;
embryo splits into two embryos

18. Siamese Twins

19. Siamese twins

20. Cleavage to Implantation

24. 16 cell
embryo

25. morula
Solid ball of cells

27. Morula

28. Hollow center filled with fluid
blastula
Hollow center filled with fluid

31. trophoblast
Inner cell mass

32. Blastocyst

33. When does pregnancy begin?
pregnancy begins with implantation
implantation - the fastening of the embryo to the endometrium (wall of the uterus)

36. trophoblast (outer layer of cells of blastula) develops into the chorion - secretes HCG human chorionic gonadotropin

39. Sperm penetrates egg
Sperm gets to egg
zygote
Fertilization
sperm
membrane
egg
8 cells
16 cells
2 cells
4 cells
solid ball of cells (morula)

40. solid ball
of cells (morula)
hollow ball
of cells
(blastula)

42. Gastrulation

43. D
gastrula
gastrula
solid ball of cells (morula)
Hollow
(blastula)
ectoderm
gastrulation
endoderm
mesoderm
tadpole

44. gastrula
gastrulation
ectoderm
endoderm
mesoderm

45. Stage of embryonic development in which the germ layers are formed
Gastrula
Stage of embryonic development in which the germ layers are formed
Germ layers give rise to all the tissues and organs of animals

46. Differentiation
the series of changes that transforms unspecialized embryonic cells into specialized cells, tissues, and organs that make up the adult organism

47. What is differentiation?
The process in which unspecialized cells become specialized cells

48. If every cell in the body has the entire genome in its nucleus (in other words each cell has all the same genes), then what makes cells become specialized?

49. Differential gene expression
Some Genes are expressed only in certain cells.
ex. gene for pepsin is only active in certain stomach cells

50. What is gene expression?
When a gene is activated and is making the polypeptide it codes for.

51. Germ Layers Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm
lining of digestive tract and respiratory system, liver, pancreas, urinary bladder
dermis
musculoskeletal system
circulatory system
reproductive organs,
excretory system
epidermis
nervous system

54. The process in which sperm and egg nuclei fuse ___________________.
2. The structure which prevents more than one sperm from entering the egg_________________________.
3. The cell divisions (without growth) which the fertilized egg goes through ___________________.
4. The kind of cell division (nuclear division) occurring throughout the development of the embryo is ______________.
fertilization
Fertilization membrane
cleavage
mitosis

55. 5. The ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are called ___________________.
6. The ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm give rise to all the structures in the fully developed animal. The specialization of cells during this process of development is called____________________.
7. During cleavage, the number of cells _______________________.
8. During cleavage, the size of cells _______________________.
Germ layers
differentiation
increases
decreases

56. A tiny fish, the embryo is formed
The three-layered stage develops to form organs
Stages having 2 and then 3 layers of cells develop
A hollow ball, made of a single layer of cells, develop
The 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 cell stages develop
The fertilized egg divides into 2 cells

57. Place these events in the right order
Implantation
Differentiation
Fertilization
Formation of organs
Ovulation
Gastrulation
Cleavage
Formation of placenta

58. Ovulation
Fertilization
Cleavage
Implantation
Formation of placenta
Gastrulation
Differentiation
Formation of organs

59. Sperm + egg
Fertilization
Zygote
Cleavage
2 celled 4 celled etc.
More cleavage
Morula
More cleavage
Blastula (blastocyst)
Hatches
Implantation
Gastrulation and cleavage
Gastrula (germ layers)

61. ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
Gastrula

62. Embryo to fetus

63. Each cell in a human embryo has the same genetic material (DNA), yet some cells become heart cells, other cells become brain cells, and others will develop into kidney cells (etc…)
How do the many different kinds of cells in the body develop if they have the same DNA?

64. Review:
Trace the path of sperm from where it is produced to where it fertilizes the egg. List all the structures it travels through to get to the egg.

65. Testes
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Urethra (penis)
Vagina
Cervix
Uterus
Oviduct

70. Fetal membranes (extraembryonic membranes)
amnion
yolk sac
allantois
chorion

74. amniotic fluid
chorion
allantois
Chicken
embryo
airspace
shell
yolk sac
albumin
yolk

75. amnion
thin, tough, membranous sac that encloses the embryo or fetus of a mammal, bird, or reptile. It is filled with amniotic fluid in which the embryo is suspended

76. Yolk sac
birds – stores yolk (food)
humans - blood cell formation
has no yolk

77. Allantois - forms primitive urinary. bladder; becomes blood
Allantois - forms primitive urinary bladder; becomes blood vessels on embryonic side of placenta; allantoic stalk becomes part of umbilical cord (yolk sac and allantois become the umbilical cord)

78. chorion – membrane surrounding embryo and other extra-embryonic membranes;
chorionic villi - projections of chorion containing blood vessels; project into maternal pools of blood
chorionic villi and uterine lining become the placenta

79. chorion

81.               

82. Who has a larger egg cell, an elephant or a chicken?

83.            Animal Internal Fertilization
External Fertilization
Internal Development
External Development
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
nonplacentals
placentals           

84. 3 11 6 9 5 1 2 8 4 7 10

87. How could a man become pregnant?

89. http://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-200109.htm placenta
placenta

90. Placenta
Fetus
Uterus
Umbilical Cord
Amniotic Fluid
Amniotic Sac (Amnion)

91. Umbilical Vein
Umbilical Artery
Placenta
Chorionic
Villus
Fetal
Capillary

99. placenta
A temporary organ (gland) forming from the chorion and the endometrium from mother
What are the functions of the placenta?

100. 1. source of nourishment for embryo
Functions of the Placenta
1. source of nourishment for embryo
2. respiratory surface for embryo
3. excretory organ of embryo
4. attaches embryo/fetus to wall of uterus
5. secretes chorionic gonadotropin, progesterone, estrogen - regulation of pregnancy

101. The blood of the embryo/fetus and the mother do not mix!
(embryonic and maternal circulatory systems are not connected )
How do substances get for the mom’s blood to the fetus and vice versa?

102. Substances diffusing through the placenta
From mom to embryo/fetus
Oxygen
Nutrients
Antibodies
From embryo/fetus to mom
Wastes
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

103. Dangerous substances can pass through the placenta
Viruses (e.g. measles, AIDS)
Drugs (e.g. nicotine, prescription drugs)
Alcohol

104. development

106. 3 weeks

107. 4 weeks

108. 5 weeks

109. 6 weeks
Amniotic fluid

110. 6 weeks

111. 3 months

113. Development – series of events that give rise to a
Development – series of events that give rise to a fully grown organism
Mass – the amount of matter in an object
Premature – a baby born before it is fully developed
Fetus – the developing baby after the second month of pregnancy; has all the organs and organ systems formed
Embryo - A multicellular organism in an early stage of development

114. Place these in the correct order:
Ovulation Stage
Menstruation
Corpus Luteum Stage
Follicle Stage

115. Stages of the Menstrual Cycle
Follicle Stage
Ovulation
Corpus Luteum Stage
Menstruation

116. What is happening to the 2 chromosomes in the middle?

117. Crossing Over

118. oviduct
cleavage of embryo
fertilization
implantation
egg moves
down oviduct
uterus
ovulation
Sperm deposited in vagina

119.
Week 7
Stem cell therapy for MS