1. Reflective writing assignment:
Write a 2-3 page reflection analyzing the following questions:
What are the main similarities and differences among the city models?
Which model seems most effective for understanding land use patterns in the metropolitan New York City area and why? (You may want to look at some maps of the area to help you answer this question.)
Evaluate the utility of models for understanding the spatial organization of cities in general. How are these models helpful and what are their limitations?

2. Topic: World Cities and Megacities
Aim: How does the relative scale of megacities exhibit the division between rich and poor?
Do Now: How are cities in the U.S. different from cities elsewhere in the world?

3. World Urbanization Trends
Create graphs
Based on your graphs:
Which region showed the largest, most consistent increase in urbanization during the period?
Which region had the larges percentage change in urban population during the period?
Which region is likely to experience the fastest growth in urbanization in the next decade? Why?
Which region is likely to experience the slowest growth in urbanization in the next decade? Why?

4. Relate this map the data you analyzed in your graph

5. In the new global economy, an increasing proportion of influential financial decisions are being made in
A.) the informal sector
B.) regional centers and small towns where fax machines are used
C.) the field, close to the sources of agricultural production
D.) national capitals because of the increasing importance of the nation state
E.) major world cities such as New York, London and Tokyo

6. In the new global economy, an increasing proportion of influential financial decisions are being made in
A.) the informal sector
B.) regional centers and small towns where fax machines are used
C.) the field, close to the sources of agricultural production
D.) national capitals because of the increasing importance of the nation state
E.) major world cities such as New York, London and Tokyo

7. World Cities
Cities that function at the global scale, beyond the borders of their states
Service centers of the world economy
Nodes in globalization – HQs of global companies, e.g.
Illustrate the outdatedness of models like Christaller’s
New York, London, Tokyo, Paris, Chicago, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Los Angles, Milan, Singapore

8. Within a city - where are people of different socio-economic levels likely to live?

9. Central Business District (CBD, or “Downtown”)
Compact areas which contain majority of shops, offices, and public institutions. Center is focal point.
Puerta Madero - the CBD of Buenos Aires, Argentina

10. Most poor people live just outside the CBD
Land in the CBD is very expensive but there are often very tall apartment buildings
Can hold a large number of people VERTICALLY
There is usually a central area that has no housing at all, HQs for government and corporations
Rarely found in a CBD:
One-story buildings
Single family homes
Anything that requires a lot of land like a car dealership
Most poor people live just outside the CBD

11. Bid-Rent Curve
Show the variations in rent different users pay for land at different distances from the CBD
CBD = PLVI
Peak land value intersection
Greatest land value + greatest commerce
Farther from CBD:
Rents decrease
Transportation costs increase
Supports Concentric Zone Model

12. CBD of Toronto, Canada

13. CBD of Frankfort, Germany

14. CBD of Moscow, Russia

15. CBD of Rio de Janiero

16. What are some of the largest cities in the world in terms of population?

17. Largest Cities (2015,PRB) 1. Tokyo, Japan 26.4 million 2.
Mumbai, India
26.1 million 3.
Lagos, Nigeria
23.2 million 4.
Dhaka, Bangladesh
21.1 million 5.
Sao Paulo, Brazil
20.4 million 6.
Karachi, Pakistan
19.2 million 7.
Mexico City, Mexico 8.
New York, USA
17.4 million 9.
Jakarta, Indonesia
17.3 million
10.
Kolkata, India 17

18. Megacities Cities > 10,000,000 esp. in the developing world
Large populations + vast territorial extent
Often, strained inadequate infrastructure
Mumbai population > Australia
Sao Paulo area > Belgium
Do Now: What are the living conditions for poor people in LDC megacities?

19. Changes in Cities in LDCs
Populations of cities in the less developed world have been surging: urbanization, migration, natural increase
Urbanization in LDCs
driven by changes in global economy that make farming more challenging
the poor live in the outskirts, rich live in CBD
cities struggle to provide jobs and housing
services overtaxed
squatter settlements common
crime on the rise
Rio De Janeiro, Brazil 19

20. Squatter Settlements
area within a city in an LDC in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures (shantytowns)
Also called:
Favelas (Brazil) – name of a hillside flower
Barriadas (Latin America)
Bidonvilles (North Africa) – French for “can towns”
Bastees / bustees (India) – means slum
Gecekondu (Turkey)
Kampongs (Malaysia)
Barong-barong (Philippines)

21. Conditions in Squatter Settlements
Lack one or more of the following conditions:
Adequate structure that protects people from climate
Sufficient area so that > 3 people don’t share a room
Access to sufficient water
Access to sanitation
Protection from forced eviction
> 1 billion people live in such conditions
Cairo: 5.5 million
Manila: ~ 10 million

22. % Urban Population in “Slums” (2010)

23. Chennai, India

24. Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya

25. Sao Paulo, Brazil

26. How Squatter Settlements Develop
Usually begin as collections of crude shack built from scrap materials
Gradually become more elaborate and permanent
Paths and walkways
Vegetable gardens
Bootlegged water and electricity
At later stages economic pursuits take place
Informal economy
Not taxed; not counted toward GNI
E.g., handicrafts and small scale artisan activities

27. General view of the Complexo do Alemao favelas in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2010)

28. Squatter city dwellers search for their belongings through the debris after a fire in Kolkata, India (2012)

29. 2009 Free Response #2
A large proportion of urban residents in the megacities of the periphery of the world system live in squatter settlements.
A.) Describe a typical location of squatter settlements within urban areas of megacities on the global periphery.
B.) Describe TWO factors that contribute to the formation of squatter settlements.
C.) Give a detailed account of THREE consequences of the rapid growth of squatter settlements. The three consequences you discuss may be social, economic, political, or environmental.

30. A. (1 point) Describe a typical location of squatter settlements within urban areas of megacities on the global periphery.
Edge of city
Elsewhere in the built area other than the edge (with explanation)
Vacant or undesirable land, such as steep hillsides, floodplains, dumps/landfills, cemeteries, close to industries
Land with unclear title

31. B. (2 points) Describe two factors that contribute to the formation of squatter settlements.
Large-scale rural-to-urban migration
Poverty (with elaboration)
Lack of enough affordable housing (public/private)
Lack of, or failure to enforce, land use policy (government or private)
NOT immigration, unless clearly talking about rural-to-urban migration
NOT refugees

32. C. (3 points) Give a detailed account of THREE consequences of the rapid growth of squatter settlements. The three consequences you discuss may be social, economic, political, or environmental.
Unhealthy living conditions leading to high morbidity and/or mortality rates in squatter settlements
Increase in crime
Development of gangs or other non-legal authority systems that use force to impose their rules
Development of political action and/or political unrest
Increased water pollution resulting from lack of sanitation facilities and refuse collection
Increased soil erosion on hillsides as existing vegetation is removed
Decreased air quality resulting from fires used for cooking and heating in settlements
Increase in the availability of cheap labor
Increased risk of disasters, such as fires, industrial accidents, mudslides, flooding
An increased burden on existing taxpayers

33. “Can slum be made history?”
Hans wants to know